{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2970802276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2938402","title":"An Automated and Accurate Spine Curve Analysis System","display_name":"An Automated and Accurate Spine Curve Analysis System","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2970802276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2938402","mag":"2970802276"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2938402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2938402","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08819955.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08819955.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027166468","display_name":"Bo Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4370-537X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Imaging Group of London, Western University, London, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Imaging Group of London, Western University, London, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043668559","display_name":"Qiuhao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7165-9614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiuhao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100613491","display_name":"Liansheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2096-454X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liansheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2096-454X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103820200","display_name":"Stephanie Leung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie Leung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jonathan Chung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100386630","display_name":"Shuo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5184-3230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Imaging Group of London, Western University, London, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5184-3230","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Imaging Group of London, Western University, London, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":6.3292,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97303409,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"124596","last_page":"124605"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11030","display_name":"Scoliosis diagnosis and treatment","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11030","display_name":"Scoliosis diagnosis and treatment","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10776","display_name":"Spinal Fractures and Fixation Techniques","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7283228039741516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cobb-angle","display_name":"Cobb angle","score":0.6958281397819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6748675107955933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.5576156973838806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5396192073822021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cobb","display_name":"CobB","score":0.48927828669548035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scoliosis","display_name":"Scoliosis","score":0.45485734939575195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.4178756773471832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37214571237564087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3705345392227173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3306058645248413}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7283228039741516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778871979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1104591","display_name":"Cobb angle","level":3,"score":0.6958281397819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6748675107955933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.5576156973838806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5396192073822021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775946787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5138676","display_name":"CobB","level":2,"score":0.48927828669548035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780955175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174857","display_name":"Scoliosis","level":2,"score":0.45485734939575195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.4178756773471832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37214571237564087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3705345392227173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3306058645248413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2938402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2938402","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08819955.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4e34115269844e3eb1d0c6a57446ba5e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4e34115269844e3eb1d0c6a57446ba5e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 124596-124605 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2938402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2938402","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08819955.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310856","display_name":"Lawson Health Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/051gsh239"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311526","display_name":"McMaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fa3aq29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321588","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2970802276.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2970802276.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W136913329","https://openalex.org/W1038736503","https://openalex.org/W1901581672","https://openalex.org/W2000276621","https://openalex.org/W2000828905","https://openalex.org/W2004376257","https://openalex.org/W2057222209","https://openalex.org/W2097334502","https://openalex.org/W2142568044","https://openalex.org/W2148516227","https://openalex.org/W2149309532","https://openalex.org/W2152750261","https://openalex.org/W2231901950","https://openalex.org/W2295452827","https://openalex.org/W2404602184","https://openalex.org/W2618019088","https://openalex.org/W2751970356","https://openalex.org/W4236613799","https://openalex.org/W6605526427"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387950740","https://openalex.org/W3023795846","https://openalex.org/W2085955646","https://openalex.org/W2465193852","https://openalex.org/W2556052801","https://openalex.org/W4372185448","https://openalex.org/W4388025427","https://openalex.org/W4294974937","https://openalex.org/W4401552834","https://openalex.org/W4328026508"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,128],"present":[1],"a":[2,20,89,108],"new":[3,90],"Adaptive":[4],"Error":[5],"Correction":[6],"Net":[7],"(AEC-Net)":[8],"to":[9,93,118,161,223],"formulate":[10],"the":[11,45,61,73,82,86,95,102,133,156,162,182,184],"estimation":[12],"of":[13,47,76,101,137,142,181],"Cobb":[14,39,97,157,187,203],"anges":[15],"from":[16,167],"spinal":[17,134],"X-rays":[18,50,135],"as":[19],"high-precision":[21,109],"regression":[22],"task.":[23],"Our":[24],"AEC-Net":[25,32,87,185],"introduces":[26],"two":[27,34,83],"novel":[28],"innovations.":[29],"(1)":[30],"The":[31,99,112,147,200],"contains":[33],"networks":[35,53],"calculating":[36],"landmarks":[37],"and":[38,67,126,153,170,177,190,218],"angles":[40,188,204],"separately,":[41],"which":[42,122,192],"robustly":[43],"solve":[44],"disadvantage":[46],"ambiguity":[48,176],"in":[49,197],"since":[51],"these":[52],"focus":[54],"on":[55,81,107,155],"more":[56],"features.":[57],"It":[58],"effectively":[59],"handles":[60],"nonlinear":[62],"relationship":[63],"between":[64],"input":[65,77],"images":[66],"quantitative":[68],"outputs,":[69],"while":[70],"explicitly":[71],"capturing":[72],"intrinsic":[74],"features":[75],"images.":[78],"(2)":[79],"Based":[80],"estimated":[84],"angles,":[85],"proposed":[88,148],"loss":[91,103],"function":[92,104],"calculate":[94],"final":[96],"angles.":[98],"optimization":[100],"is":[105,116],"based":[106],"calculation":[110],"method.":[111],"deep":[113],"learning":[114],"structure":[115],"used":[117,211],"complete":[119],"this":[120],"optimization,":[121],"achieves":[123,150],"higher":[124],"accuracy":[125,152],"efficiency.":[127],"validate":[129],"our":[130,207],"method":[131,149],"with":[132,140],"dataset":[136],"581":[138],"subjects":[139],"signs":[141],"scoliosis":[143,216],"at":[144],"varying":[145],"extents.":[146],"high":[151,175],"robustness":[154],"angle":[158],"estimations.":[159],"Comparing":[160],"exsiting":[163],"conventional":[164],"methods":[165],"suffering":[166],"tremendous":[168],"variability":[169,178],"low":[171],"reliability":[172],"caused":[173],"by":[174,206,212],"around":[179],"boundaries":[180],"vertebrae,":[183],"obtain":[186],"accurately":[189],"robustly,":[191],"indicates":[193],"its":[194],"great":[195],"potential":[196],"clinical":[198,225],"use.":[199],"highly":[201],"accurate":[202],"produced":[205],"framework":[208],"can":[209],"be":[210,220],"clinicians":[213],"for":[214],"comprehensive":[215],"assessment,":[217],"possibly":[219],"further":[221],"extended":[222],"other":[224],"applications.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
