{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2970246440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2938317","title":"An Investigation of LPI Radar Waveforms Classification in RoF Channels","display_name":"An Investigation of LPI Radar Waveforms Classification in RoF Channels","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2970246440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2938317","mag":"2970246440"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2938317","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2938317","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08819939.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08819939.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072353113","display_name":"Turki Alrubeaan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Turki Alrubeaan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018903298","display_name":"Khalid Albagami","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalid Albagami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085871026","display_name":"Amr M. Ragheb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4449-0182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1284598098","display_name":"King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05tdz6m39","country_code":"SA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284598098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amr Ragheb","raw_affiliation_strings":["KACST-TIC in Radio Frequency and Photonics (RFTONICS), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4449-0182","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KACST-TIC in Radio Frequency and Photonics (RFTONICS), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161","https://openalex.org/I1284598098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070074329","display_name":"Saeed A. Aldosari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-5814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Aldosari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068064756","display_name":"Majid Altamimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9431-3774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Majid Altamimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048294128","display_name":"Saleh A. Alshebeili","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4157-9277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1284598098","display_name":"King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05tdz6m39","country_code":"SA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284598098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saleh Alshebeili","raw_affiliation_strings":["KACST-TIC in Radio Frequency and Photonics (RFTONICS), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KACST-TIC in Radio Frequency and Photonics (RFTONICS), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161","https://openalex.org/I1284598098"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072353113"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.7259,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78841541,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"124844","last_page":"124853"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6498379707336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6283626556396484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5402323007583618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polyphase-system","display_name":"Polyphase system","score":0.5328004360198975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.5225645899772644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.47422003746032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-modulation","display_name":"Frequency modulation","score":0.4595870077610016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-warfare","display_name":"Electronic warfare","score":0.45160919427871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-probability-of-intercept-radar","display_name":"Low probability of intercept radar","score":0.41506439447402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.40971291065216064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3972383141517639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-doppler-radar","display_name":"Pulse-Doppler radar","score":0.3407418131828308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2650371789932251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.23803728818893433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.19598451256752014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19166815280914307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.19151616096496582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1900002658367157}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6498379707336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6283626556396484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5402323007583618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96157337","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391639","display_name":"Polyphase system","level":2,"score":0.5328004360198975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.5225645899772644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.47422003746032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.4595870077610016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133082901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272826","display_name":"Electronic warfare","level":3,"score":0.45160919427871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147345108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693040","display_name":"Low probability of intercept radar","level":5,"score":0.41506439447402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.40971291065216064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3972383141517639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139931591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029151","display_name":"Pulse-Doppler radar","level":4,"score":0.3407418131828308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2650371789932251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.23803728818893433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.19598451256752014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19166815280914307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.19151616096496582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1900002658367157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2938317","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2938317","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08819939.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7ca4e4943bba4197a8ee9222c467ebb7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7ca4e4943bba4197a8ee9222c467ebb7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 124844-124853 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2938317","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2938317","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08819939.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1371204827","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RG-1440-112","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","funder_display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3010280980","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RG-1440-112","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","funder_display_name":"King Saud University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2970246440.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2970246440.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516618770","https://openalex.org/W1591339426","https://openalex.org/W2005956500","https://openalex.org/W2029811110","https://openalex.org/W2045571383","https://openalex.org/W2139606499","https://openalex.org/W2153816607","https://openalex.org/W2252320373","https://openalex.org/W2531162019","https://openalex.org/W2586095846","https://openalex.org/W2765137961","https://openalex.org/W2773287335","https://openalex.org/W2781731889","https://openalex.org/W2806977582","https://openalex.org/W2887005052","https://openalex.org/W2895480833","https://openalex.org/W2900777758","https://openalex.org/W2939304148","https://openalex.org/W2997791733","https://openalex.org/W4245737187","https://openalex.org/W4388297464","https://openalex.org/W6631042292"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W973813157","https://openalex.org/W2097964783","https://openalex.org/W2009254290","https://openalex.org/W2125253837","https://openalex.org/W4367309068","https://openalex.org/W2801028027","https://openalex.org/W2055319567","https://openalex.org/W2562134663","https://openalex.org/W1988623928","https://openalex.org/W2098499018"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intensive":[0],"research":[1],"has":[2],"been":[3],"developed":[4],"to":[5,95],"either":[6],"design":[7],"or":[8],"classify":[9],"low":[10],"probability":[11],"of":[12,19,60,75,99,108],"intercept":[13],"(LPI)":[14],"radar":[15,36,79,132],"signals.":[16],"These":[17],"types":[18],"signals":[20,80,133],"are":[21,58,93,134],"used":[22],"in":[23],"different":[24],"sensitive":[25],"electronic":[26,31,33],"warfare":[27],"applications":[28],"such":[29,91],"as":[30],"support,":[32],"attack,":[34],"and":[35,55,87,124,146,160],"emitter":[37],"identification.":[38],"Linear":[39],"frequency":[40,43,45],"modulation,":[41,44],"nonlinear":[42],"shift":[46],"keying,":[47],"polyphase":[48,50],"Barker,":[49],"P1,":[51],"P2,":[52],"P3,":[53],"P4":[54],"Frank":[56],"codes":[57],"examples":[59],"LPI":[61,100,163],"waveforms.":[62],"In":[63],"this":[64],"paper,":[65],"we":[66,104],"consider":[67],"the":[68,73,77,97,106,126,130,165],"modulation":[69,115],"classification":[70,101,116],"problem":[71],"under":[72],"effect":[74],"transporting":[76],"captured":[78],"through":[81],"radio":[82],"over":[83,136],"fiber":[84,137,158],"channels.":[85,139],"Distortions":[86],"noise":[88,122],"introduced":[89],"by":[90,144],"channels":[92,123],"likely":[94],"affect":[96],"performance":[98],"algorithms.":[102],"Here,":[103],"investigate":[105],"accuracy":[107,168],"a":[109],"recently":[110],"proposed":[111],"hierarchical":[112],"decision-tree":[113],"automatic":[114],"algorithm":[117],"for":[118,154],"additive":[119],"white":[120],"Gaussian":[121],"provide":[125],"necessary":[127],"adjustments":[128],"when":[129],"intercepted":[131,162],"transmitted":[135],"optic":[138],"The":[140,149],"investigation":[141],"is":[142],"conducted":[143],"simulations":[145],"experimental":[147],"demonstration.":[148],"obtained":[150],"results":[151],"show":[152],"that":[153],"an":[155],"80":[156],"km":[157],"link":[159],"noisy":[161],"signals,":[164],"average":[166],"identification":[167],"reaches":[169],"more":[170],"than":[171],"98%,":[172],"at":[173],"16":[174],"dB":[175],"optical":[176],"signal-to-noise":[177],"ratio.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
