{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2970980649","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937997","title":"A Systematic Analysis Method for 5G Non-Access Stratum Signalling Security","display_name":"A Systematic Analysis Method for 5G Non-Access Stratum Signalling Security","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2970980649","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937997","mag":"2970980649"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2937997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937997","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08817957.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08817957.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070231575","display_name":"Xinxin Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8007-5122"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinxin Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Digital Switching System Engineering and Technological Research Center, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8007-5122","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Digital Switching System Engineering and Technological Research Center, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100770027","display_name":"Caixia Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5977-6171"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caixia Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Digital Switching System Engineering and Technological Research Center, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Digital Switching System Engineering and Technological Research Center, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100775924","display_name":"Shuxin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3366-4466"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuxin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Digital Switching System Engineering and Technological Research Center, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3366-4466","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Digital Switching System Engineering and Technological Research Center, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101927208","display_name":"Wei You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1009-6627"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei You","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Digital Switching System Engineering and Technological Research Center, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Digital Switching System Engineering and Technological Research Center, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083718146","display_name":"Yingle Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4698-8208"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingle Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Digital Switching System Engineering and Technological Research Center, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Digital Switching System Engineering and Technological Research Center, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101945225","display_name":"Yu Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9655-4379"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Digital Switching System Engineering and Technological Research Center, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Digital Switching System Engineering and Technological Research Center, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.0271,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87797475,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"125424","last_page":"125441"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8203959465026855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-analysis","display_name":"Security analysis","score":0.552553117275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.536620020866394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.5272247791290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.5038565993309021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.47840508818626404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.45481953024864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-infrastructure","display_name":"Public key infrastructure","score":0.4440907835960388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.3623476028442383}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8203959465026855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.552553117275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.536620020866394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.5272247791290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.5038565993309021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.47840508818626404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.45481953024864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72648740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658476","display_name":"Public key infrastructure","level":4,"score":0.4440907835960388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3623476028442383}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2937997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937997","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08817957.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:50e320d8b04740b181ad9147ad99d716","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/50e320d8b04740b181ad9147ad99d716","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 125424-125441 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2937997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937997","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08817957.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2634375766","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61801515","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4137032510","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61521003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2970980649.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2970980649.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W146244851","https://openalex.org/W1592966710","https://openalex.org/W1763631861","https://openalex.org/W1964726684","https://openalex.org/W1966521004","https://openalex.org/W2022446697","https://openalex.org/W2045673642","https://openalex.org/W2081318579","https://openalex.org/W2083164542","https://openalex.org/W2091602573","https://openalex.org/W2102096888","https://openalex.org/W2158812183","https://openalex.org/W2165988451","https://openalex.org/W2168162060","https://openalex.org/W2294912729","https://openalex.org/W2399996323","https://openalex.org/W2772805003","https://openalex.org/W2792636363","https://openalex.org/W2794045175","https://openalex.org/W2809727329","https://openalex.org/W2859978004","https://openalex.org/W2888253335","https://openalex.org/W2889791335","https://openalex.org/W2906890170","https://openalex.org/W2929535634","https://openalex.org/W2938632398","https://openalex.org/W2945358264","https://openalex.org/W2946869648","https://openalex.org/W2947003210","https://openalex.org/W2962819974","https://openalex.org/W2963061006","https://openalex.org/W2963139382","https://openalex.org/W2969545733","https://openalex.org/W4401240026","https://openalex.org/W6713320315","https://openalex.org/W6760689836","https://openalex.org/W6761289918","https://openalex.org/W6761592797","https://openalex.org/W7014341642"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2763050151","https://openalex.org/W2001371286","https://openalex.org/W1606380665","https://openalex.org/W1915479549","https://openalex.org/W2994213367","https://openalex.org/W2036546368","https://openalex.org/W1955053247","https://openalex.org/W1484754451","https://openalex.org/W2104283649","https://openalex.org/W1494030766"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,212],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,56,175],"systematic":[4],"analysis":[5],"method":[6],"for":[7],"5G":[8,22,38,64,120],"Non-Access":[9],"Stratum":[10],"Signalling":[11],"security":[12,29,44,72,77],"based":[13,103,155],"on":[14,104,113,156],"formal":[15],"analysis,":[16],"which":[17],"has":[18],"identified":[19,117],"10":[20,118],"new":[21,119,176],"protocol":[23,101,121],"vulnerabilities,":[24],"and":[25,43,75,98,116,132,146,186,204],"an":[26,53,151],"improved":[27,152],"PKI":[28,153],"mechanism":[30,154,213],"targeted":[31],"at":[32],"eliminating":[33],"these":[34,111,130],"vulnerabilities.":[35,122],"Firstly,":[36],"the":[37,63,80,86,92,105,114,126,141,157,164,170,182,188,201,206,218],"system,":[39],"state":[40],"transition":[41],"properties":[42,45,94],"were":[46,138],"abstracted":[47,93],"from":[48],"3GPP":[49],"specifications.":[50],"To":[51],"mimic":[52],"attacker\u2019s":[54],"behavior,":[55],"Dolev-Yao":[57],"adversary":[58],"model":[59,65],"was":[60],"constructed":[61],"in":[62,79,181,221],"by":[66,96,140],"empowering":[67],"it":[68],"with":[69],"NAS":[70],"signalling":[71,189],"testing":[73],"knowledge":[74],"reasonable":[76],"capabilities":[78],"wireless":[81],"channel.":[82],"Then":[83],"we":[84,124,149,173],"used":[85],"TAMARIN":[87],"prover":[88],"to":[89,184,192],"verify":[90],"all":[91,135,217],"one":[95,97],"discovered":[99],"some":[100],"vulnerabilities":[102,112,131,219],"counterexamples":[106],"found.":[107],"We":[108],"further":[109],"verified":[110],"testbed":[115],"Moreover,":[123],"analyzed":[125],"root":[127],"cause":[128],"of":[129,136,161,169,178],"concluded":[133],"that":[134],"them":[137],"caused":[139],"unconditional":[142],"trust":[143],"between":[144],"UE":[145],"gNodeB.":[147],"Therefore,":[148],"propose":[150],"existing":[158,165],"asymmetric":[159,179],"encryption":[160],"5G.":[162],"Besides":[163],"public-private":[166],"key":[167],"pair":[168,177],"home":[171],"network,":[172],"introduce":[174],"keys":[180],"gNodeB":[183,195],"encrypt":[185],"sign":[187],"message":[190],"sent":[191],"UE.":[193],"The":[194],"can":[196,209,214],"be":[197,210],"connected":[198],"only":[199],"when":[200],"verification":[202],"succeeds":[203],"then":[205],"RRC":[207],"connection":[208],"initiated.":[211],"effectively":[215],"avoid":[216],"found":[220],"this":[222],"paper.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
