{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2970422898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937943","title":"A Middle Game Search Algorithm Applicable to Low-Cost Personal Computer for Go","display_name":"A Middle Game Search Algorithm Applicable to Low-Cost Personal Computer for Go","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2970422898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937943","mag":"2970422898"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2937943","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937943","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08817933.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08817933.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000867822","display_name":"Xiali Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4167-7109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145897649","display_name":"Minzu University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/0044e2g62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145897649"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiali Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145897649"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108693152","display_name":"Zhengyu Lv","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145897649","display_name":"Minzu University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/0044e2g62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145897649"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengyu Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145897649"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103719576","display_name":"Song Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145897649","display_name":"Minzu University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/0044e2g62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145897649"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145897649"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001916237","display_name":"Zhi Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6059-4267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053199843","display_name":"Xiaochuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5875-8592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50632499","display_name":"Chongqing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04vgbd477","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50632499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaochuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50632499"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073134755","display_name":"Licheng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5739-634X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145897649","display_name":"Minzu University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/0044e2g62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145897649"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Licheng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5739-634X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145897649"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.4788,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74453104,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"121719","last_page":"121727"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8012831211090088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pruning","display_name":"Pruning","score":0.7755725979804993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-tree","display_name":"Game tree","score":0.6249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evaluation-function","display_name":"Evaluation function","score":0.62120121717453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.5713258981704712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5154901146888733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.4880134165287018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-tree-search","display_name":"Monte Carlo tree search","score":0.4697608947753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46896234154701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4593837857246399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-tree","display_name":"Search tree","score":0.4438221752643585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4207025468349457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.40426328778266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3907487094402313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-algorithm","display_name":"Search algorithm","score":0.3440753221511841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequential-game","display_name":"Sequential game","score":0.17799636721611023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.17786890268325806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14439314603805542}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8012831211090088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108010975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500094","display_name":"Pruning","level":2,"score":0.7755725979804993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95815963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377033","display_name":"Game tree","level":4,"score":0.6249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131806220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852705","display_name":"Evaluation function","level":2,"score":0.62120121717453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5713258981704712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5154901146888733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.4880134165287018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46149586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11785332","display_name":"Monte Carlo tree search","level":3,"score":0.4697608947753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46896234154701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4593837857246399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207024777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621673","display_name":"Search tree","level":3,"score":0.4438221752643585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4207025468349457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.40426328778266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3907487094402313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125583679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q755673","display_name":"Search algorithm","level":2,"score":0.3440753221511841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73795354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287618","display_name":"Sequential game","level":3,"score":0.17799636721611023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.17786890268325806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14439314603805542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2937943","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937943","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08817933.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d2b14378640748d9af01f67de182a36e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d2b14378640748d9af01f67de182a36e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 121719-121727 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2937943","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937943","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08817933.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2197151866","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61773416","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5685658064","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61873291","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8666295808","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61602539","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2970422898.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2970422898.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W120158324","https://openalex.org/W1513085083","https://openalex.org/W1625390266","https://openalex.org/W1714211023","https://openalex.org/W1971566122","https://openalex.org/W1997840820","https://openalex.org/W2020135152","https://openalex.org/W2126316555","https://openalex.org/W2137987759","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2155625359","https://openalex.org/W2168061500","https://openalex.org/W2168405694","https://openalex.org/W2215309525","https://openalex.org/W2224879568","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2301830273","https://openalex.org/W2390843607","https://openalex.org/W2766447205","https://openalex.org/W2808769300","https://openalex.org/W2902907165","https://openalex.org/W2909191390","https://openalex.org/W2945533318","https://openalex.org/W2963284097","https://openalex.org/W2966038277","https://openalex.org/W6604881733","https://openalex.org/W6637441126","https://openalex.org/W6685296621","https://openalex.org/W6688673858","https://openalex.org/W7058393630"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293919576","https://openalex.org/W2978000411","https://openalex.org/W4327811054","https://openalex.org/W1900813558","https://openalex.org/W2321963977","https://openalex.org/W2093099531","https://openalex.org/W2810602690","https://openalex.org/W4322703856","https://openalex.org/W4385335136","https://openalex.org/W2952932250"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Go":[0,36,44],"Artificial":[1],"Intellects(AIs)":[2],"using":[3],"deep":[4],"reinforcement":[5],"learning":[6],"and":[7,95,141,156,230,240],"neural":[8],"networks":[9],"have":[10],"achieved":[11],"superhuman":[12],"performance,":[13],"but":[14],"they":[15],"rely":[16],"on":[17,38,62,92,121,153,200,248],"powerful":[18],"computing":[19],"resources.":[20],"They":[21],"are":[22,161],"not":[23,80],"applicable":[24,75],"to":[25,76,110,164,187,205],"low-cost":[26,77],"personal":[27],"computer(PC).":[28],"In":[29],"our":[30],"life,":[31],"most":[32],"entertainment":[33],"programs":[34],"of":[35,102,114],"run":[37],"the":[39,54,99,103,112,166,169,189,207,215,220,225],"general":[40],"PC.":[41],"A":[42],"human":[43],"master":[45],"consider":[46],"different":[47,50,115],"strategies":[48],"for":[49,53,98,244],"stages,":[51],"especially":[52],"middle":[55,100],"stage":[56,101],"that":[57,73,224],"has":[58],"a":[59,69,87,107,127,132,137,142,211,249],"significant":[60],"impact":[61],"winning":[63],"or":[64],"losing.":[65],"To":[66],"study":[67],"arguably":[68],"more":[70,118],"humanlike":[71],"approach":[72],"is":[74,124,147,185,203],"PC":[78],"while":[79,235],"reducing":[81,236],"chess":[82,233],"power,":[83],"this":[84],"paper":[85],"proposes":[86],"new":[88,108,128,143,195],"search":[89,129,238],"algorithm":[90,130,227],"based":[91,120,152,199],"hypothesis":[93,122],"testing":[94,123],"dynamic":[96,201],"randomization":[97,202],"game":[104],"Go.":[105],"Firstly,":[106],"method":[109,146,151,198],"decide":[111],"intervals":[113],"playing":[116],"stages":[117],"reasonable":[119],"proposed.":[125,148],"Secondly,":[126],"including":[131],"layered":[133],"pruning":[134,150],"branch":[135],"method,":[136],"comprehensive":[138,179],"evaluation":[139,171,180],"function":[140,181],"selecting":[144,196,210],"node":[145,197,212,217],"The":[149,178,194],"domain":[154],"knowledge":[155],"upper":[157],"confidence":[158],"bound":[159],"formula(UCB)":[160],"all":[162],"applied":[163],"subtract":[165],"branches":[167],"from":[168,214],"lower":[170],"score,":[172],"which":[173],"was":[174],"ranked":[175],"behind":[176],"20%.":[177],"with":[182],"adjustable":[183],"parameters":[184],"proposed":[186],"evaluate":[188],"tree":[190,208],"nodes":[191],"after":[192],"pruning.":[193],"used":[204],"expand":[206],"by":[209],"randomly":[213],"high-quality":[216],"interval.":[218],"Finally,":[219],"experimental":[221],"results":[222],"show":[223],"designed":[226],"outperforms":[228],"Gnugo3.6":[229],"Gnugo3.8":[231],"in":[232],"power":[234],"average":[237,241],"time":[239],"RAM":[242],"cost":[243],"one":[245],"move":[246],"effectively":[247],"19\u00d719":[250],"board.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-16T13:24:37.021932","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}