{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2971217211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937548","title":"Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Temperature Distribution for Oil-Immersed Transformer Winding Based on Dimensionless Least-Squares and Upwind Finite Element Method","display_name":"Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Temperature Distribution for Oil-Immersed Transformer Winding Based on Dimensionless Least-Squares and Upwind Finite Element Method","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2971217211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937548","mag":"2971217211"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2937548","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937548","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08813010.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08813010.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036489622","display_name":"Gang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3163-3244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defense, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3163-3244","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defense, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080867753","display_name":"Zhi Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4049-010X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defense, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defense, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019415506","display_name":"Ma Xun","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xun Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Hebei Electric Power Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Hebei Electric Power Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072821419","display_name":"Shichang Rong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shichang Rong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defense, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defense, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026340480","display_name":"Weige Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140680","display_name":"Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University","ror":"https://ror.org/049vsq398","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140680"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weige Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic & Structural Performance of Power Transmission and Transformation Equipment, Baoding, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic & Structural Performance of Power Transmission and Transformation Equipment, Baoding, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140680"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101996950","display_name":"Lin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-2867"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"apc_paid":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"fwci":1.4464,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81033087,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"119110","last_page":"119120"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12804","display_name":"Thermal Analysis in Power Transmission","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12804","display_name":"Thermal Analysis in Power Transmission","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11343","display_name":"Power Transformer Diagnostics and Insulation","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10104","display_name":"Nanofluid Flow and Heat Transfer","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-element-method","display_name":"Finite element method","score":0.6838447451591492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conjugate-gradient-method","display_name":"Conjugate gradient method","score":0.576505184173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5701695680618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-coil","display_name":"Electromagnetic coil","score":0.5259820818901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluent","display_name":"Fluent","score":0.47501644492149353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution-transformer","display_name":"Distribution transformer","score":0.4357050061225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-fluid-dynamics","display_name":"Computational fluid dynamics","score":0.43369126319885254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4329025447368622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stator","display_name":"Stator","score":0.41101738810539246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.3808833062648773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.372450590133667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3524283468723297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2304607629776001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.19829919934272766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.18481966853141785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15988200902938843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1512010097503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.09613728523254395}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.6838447451591492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81184566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191895","display_name":"Conjugate gradient method","level":2,"score":0.576505184173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5701695680618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30403606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2981904","display_name":"Electromagnetic coil","level":2,"score":0.5259820818901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780411076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5462653","display_name":"Fluent","level":3,"score":0.47501644492149353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117323899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907989","display_name":"Distribution transformer","level":4,"score":0.4357050061225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1633027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815820","display_name":"Computational fluid dynamics","level":2,"score":0.43369126319885254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4329025447368622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776529397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190312","display_name":"Stator","level":2,"score":0.41101738810539246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3808833062648773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.372450590133667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3524283468723297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2304607629776001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.19829919934272766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.18481966853141785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15988200902938843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1512010097503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09613728523254395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2937548","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937548","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08813010.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2bc698ecc72c4910a1480eb0dfbe49e9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2bc698ecc72c4910a1480eb0dfbe49e9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 119110-119120 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2937548","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937548","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08813010.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1940121003","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51407075","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G588150983","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB0902703","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7828373698","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019MS076","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2971217211.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2971217211.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16797583","https://openalex.org/W1979240883","https://openalex.org/W2004497985","https://openalex.org/W2043684707","https://openalex.org/W2046595322","https://openalex.org/W2070686927","https://openalex.org/W2082865366","https://openalex.org/W2157873724","https://openalex.org/W2163476281","https://openalex.org/W2238249154","https://openalex.org/W2339381218","https://openalex.org/W2376254142","https://openalex.org/W2387841752","https://openalex.org/W2435084515","https://openalex.org/W2489432230","https://openalex.org/W2516005922","https://openalex.org/W2624034082","https://openalex.org/W2732458570","https://openalex.org/W2755753252","https://openalex.org/W2765056174","https://openalex.org/W2774619259","https://openalex.org/W2775743966","https://openalex.org/W2884162825","https://openalex.org/W2892006586","https://openalex.org/W2942321278","https://openalex.org/W4205777361","https://openalex.org/W4241940087","https://openalex.org/W4396766462","https://openalex.org/W6668037103","https://openalex.org/W6703896358","https://openalex.org/W6722526371","https://openalex.org/W6726000541"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W623794290","https://openalex.org/W2372255233","https://openalex.org/W2361693169","https://openalex.org/W2130828945","https://openalex.org/W2360961134","https://openalex.org/W2350949866","https://openalex.org/W2039525340","https://openalex.org/W2325040020","https://openalex.org/W1960586125","https://openalex.org/W2384039221"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,37,101],"accurately":[1],"analyze":[2],"the":[3,8,19,39,43,51,56,66,82,88,93,97,103,106,112,116,132,135,138,141,149,161,165,181],"temperature":[4,89],"rising":[5],"and":[6,26,55,85,92,119],"locate":[7],"hot-spot":[9],"of":[10,81,105,115,134,140,148,164,173,180],"oil-immersed":[11,74],"transformer":[12,75],"windings,":[13],"a":[14,69,109,126,177],"hybrid":[15],"method":[16,24,30,46,54,61,118,143,167],"based":[17],"on":[18,87],"dimensionless":[20],"least-squares":[21],"finite":[22,28],"element":[23,29],"(DLSFEM)":[25],"upwind":[27],"(UFEM)":[31],"is":[32,99,168],"proposed":[33,107,117,136,142,166],"in":[34],"this":[35],"paper.":[36],"solve":[38,65],"fluid-thermal":[40],"coupling":[41],"problem,":[42],"sequential":[44],"iteration":[45],"was":[47,77,90,144],"utilized.":[48],"After":[49],"that,":[50],"two-side":[52],"equilibration":[53],"Jacobi":[57],"preconditioned":[58],"conjugate":[59],"gradient":[60],"were":[62,122],"used":[63],"to":[64],"equations.":[67],"Moreover,":[68],"product-level":[70],"experimental":[71,120],"platform":[72],"for":[73],"windings":[76],"built.":[78],"The":[79,157],"influence":[80,98],"turn-to-turn":[83],"insulation":[84],"gravity":[86],"discussed,":[91],"results":[94,114,121,158],"show":[95],"that":[96,147,160,172],"significant.":[100],"verify":[102],"effectiveness":[104],"method,":[108,137],"comparison":[110],"between":[111],"simulation":[113],"made,":[123],"which":[124,175],"shows":[125],"good":[127],"agreement.":[128],"Aiming":[129],"at":[130],"verifying":[131],"efficiency":[133],"convergence":[139,162],"compared":[145],"with":[146],"commercial":[150],"computational":[151],"fluid":[152],"dynamic":[153],"(CFD)":[154],"software":[155],"Fluent.":[156],"indicate":[159],"speed":[163],"much":[169],"faster":[170],"than":[171],"Fluent,":[174],"means":[176],"better":[178],"performance":[179],"new":[182],"method.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
