{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2970325218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937388","title":"Bandwidth Enhancement of GaN MMIC Doherty Power Amplifiers Using Broadband Transformer-Based Load Modulation Network","display_name":"Bandwidth Enhancement of GaN MMIC Doherty Power Amplifiers Using Broadband Transformer-Based Load Modulation Network","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2970325218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937388","mag":"2970325218"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2937388","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937388","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08812732.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08812732.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086884567","display_name":"Gholamreza Nikandish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9970-3368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gholamreza Nikandish","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9970-3368","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027017637","display_name":"Robert Bogdan Staszewski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9848-1129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Bogdan Staszewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9848-1129","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011558492","display_name":"Anding Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-0905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anding Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-0905","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086884567"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.0271,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91809956,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"119844","last_page":"119855"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11248","display_name":"Advanced Power Amplifier Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11248","display_name":"Advanced Power Amplifier Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10099","display_name":"GaN-based semiconductor devices and materials","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.7198156118392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monolithic-microwave-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Monolithic microwave integrated circuit","score":0.6490011811256409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.541711688041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predistortion","display_name":"Predistortion","score":0.5221219658851624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adjacent-channel","display_name":"Adjacent channel","score":0.5083078742027283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adjacent-channel-power-ratio","display_name":"Adjacent channel power ratio","score":0.43345117568969727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.4058881402015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3984629213809967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.39298614859580994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3557860553264618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23902708292007446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21508032083511353}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.7198156118392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128450285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1945036","display_name":"Monolithic microwave integrated circuit","level":4,"score":0.6490011811256409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.541711688041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778587875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239686","display_name":"Predistortion","level":4,"score":0.5221219658851624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776908912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16001834","display_name":"Adjacent channel","level":4,"score":0.5083078742027283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776191232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683143","display_name":"Adjacent channel power ratio","level":5,"score":0.43345117568969727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4058881402015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3984629213809967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.39298614859580994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3557860553264618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23902708292007446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21508032083511353}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2937388","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937388","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08812732.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:11d2db8d93e44c8395282ddfcfca825e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/11d2db8d93e44c8395282ddfcfca825e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 119844-119855 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2937388","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937388","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08812732.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3769141694","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"713567","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5625313588","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16/IA/4449","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7226090481","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13/RC/2077","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G996497660","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"713567","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2970325218.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2970325218.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1599602910","https://openalex.org/W1971957948","https://openalex.org/W1984805355","https://openalex.org/W1988236473","https://openalex.org/W1989761538","https://openalex.org/W2024114550","https://openalex.org/W2034372317","https://openalex.org/W2036015442","https://openalex.org/W2047043550","https://openalex.org/W2051763811","https://openalex.org/W2067689482","https://openalex.org/W2070726893","https://openalex.org/W2102624438","https://openalex.org/W2150237098","https://openalex.org/W2314662411","https://openalex.org/W2344728962","https://openalex.org/W2525132400","https://openalex.org/W2533974508","https://openalex.org/W2559115858","https://openalex.org/W2562199995","https://openalex.org/W2767470952","https://openalex.org/W2794131623","https://openalex.org/W2899999543","https://openalex.org/W2903136240","https://openalex.org/W2944672502","https://openalex.org/W2947752667","https://openalex.org/W2969733715","https://openalex.org/W4251952142","https://openalex.org/W6767265856"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4328010791","https://openalex.org/W2770386194","https://openalex.org/W4389544589","https://openalex.org/W2069598891","https://openalex.org/W4226281858","https://openalex.org/W2347312039","https://openalex.org/W2559032902","https://openalex.org/W2050609909","https://openalex.org/W2915016884","https://openalex.org/W2016271488"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"present":[4],"a":[5,77,115,144],"bandwidth":[6,104],"enhancement":[7],"technique":[8],"for":[9],"monolithic":[10],"microwave":[11],"integrated":[12],"circuit":[13],"(MMIC)":[14],"Doherty":[15],"power":[16,131,152,162],"amplifiers":[17],"(DPAs)":[18],"in":[19,114],"wireless":[20],"transmitters.":[21],"A":[22,109],"broadband":[23],"load":[24,59],"modulation":[25],"network":[26,46,74],"is":[27,112,174],"proposed":[28,45],"by":[29,87,143],"exploiting":[30],"transformers":[31,49,99],"and":[32,39,68,81,105,132,163],"output-referred":[33],"parasitic":[34],"capacitances":[35],"of":[36,42,57,96],"the":[37,58,63,70,97,155,169],"carrier":[38,64],"peaking":[40],"transistors":[41],"DPA.":[43],"The":[44,73],"comprises":[47],"two":[48,98],"that":[50],"are":[51,100],"used":[52],"to":[53,62],"improve":[54],"frequency":[55],"response":[56],"impedance":[60],"presented":[61],"transistor":[65],"at":[66,129,134],"back-off":[67],"extend":[69],"DPA":[71,111,156],"bandwidth.":[72,140],"benefits":[75],"from":[76],"unity":[78],"transformation":[79],"ratio":[80,153],"it":[82],"can":[83],"be":[84],"readily":[85],"realized":[86],"using":[88],"edge-coupled":[89],"microstrip":[90],"transmission":[91],"lines.":[92],"Optimal":[93],"coupling":[94],"coefficients":[95],"determined":[101],"based":[102],"on":[103],"insertion":[106],"loss":[107],"considerations.":[108],"proof-of-concept":[110],"implemented":[113],"0.25-\u03bcm":[116],"GaN":[117],"MMIC":[118],"process.":[119],"It":[120],"achieves":[121],"35-36":[122],"dBm":[123,159],"output":[124,161],"power,":[125],"42.8-48.7%":[126],"drain":[127,166],"efficiency":[128],"peak":[130],"24.4-31.6%":[133],"6-dB":[135],"back-off,":[136],"over":[137],"4.5-6.0":[138],"GHz":[139],"When":[141],"excited":[142],"100-MHz":[145],"64-QAM":[146],"signal":[147],"with":[148],"8":[149],"dB":[150,176],"peak-to-average":[151],"(PAPR),":[154],"exhibits":[157],"29.3":[158],"average":[160,165],"28.4%":[164],"efficiency,":[167],"while":[168],"error":[170],"vector":[171],"magnitude":[172],"(EVM)":[173],"-30.5":[175],"(3%)":[177],"without":[178],"any":[179],"predistortion.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-13T08:25:38.343686","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}