{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2969445624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937094","title":"On the Performance of Cell-Free Massive MIMO With Low-Resolution ADCs","display_name":"On the Performance of Cell-Free Massive MIMO With Low-Resolution ADCs","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2969445624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937094","mag":"2969445624"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2937094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937094","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08811486.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08811486.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075509135","display_name":"Yao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4496-2650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless Communications Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4496-2650","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Communications Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042381553","display_name":"Meng Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0814-0457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless Communications Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Communications Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031848335","display_name":"Xu Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5178-3899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless Communications Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Communications Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037879539","display_name":"Haotong Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8916-8093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haotong Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless Communications Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8916-8093","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Communications Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059710405","display_name":"Longxiang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1927-0177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Longxiang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless Communications Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Communications Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.6589,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":86,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95780711,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"117968","last_page":"117977"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.7901355028152466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7264193296432495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.694708526134491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6843439340591431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5771970152854919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-resolution","display_name":"Low resolution","score":0.5397776961326599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-shaping","display_name":"Noise shaping","score":0.42390117049217224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.417233943939209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.41604623198509216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.25546446442604065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-resolution","display_name":"High resolution","score":0.1941547989845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15013974905014038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12334838509559631}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.7901355028152466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7264193296432495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.694708526134491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6843439340591431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5771970152854919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019883945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Low resolution","level":3,"score":0.5397776961326599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9083635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2133535","display_name":"Noise shaping","level":2,"score":0.42390117049217224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.417233943939209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.41604623198509216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.25546446442604065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020199158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"High resolution","level":2,"score":0.1941547989845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15013974905014038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12334838509559631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2937094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937094","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08811486.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b81dbe0b19704003b7548c7d799dff74","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b81dbe0b19704003b7548c7d799dff74","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 117968-117977 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2937094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937094","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08811486.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1720602828","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFC1314903","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3424052931","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61372124","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6816263544","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61427801","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7227058572","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61427801","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7702826171","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61861039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8692053472","display_name":"\u7269\u8054\u7f51\u611f\u77e5\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5927\u5bb9\u91cf\u9ad8\u80fd\u6548\u65e0\u7ebf\u4f20\u8f93\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61372124","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321605","display_name":"Government of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/004svx814"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2969445624.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2969445624.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518945650","https://openalex.org/W1895366383","https://openalex.org/W2189415357","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2557668865","https://openalex.org/W2593893328","https://openalex.org/W2597206177","https://openalex.org/W2789947301","https://openalex.org/W2889130186","https://openalex.org/W2894085760","https://openalex.org/W2906518455","https://openalex.org/W2918291480","https://openalex.org/W2943547778","https://openalex.org/W2962043351","https://openalex.org/W2962123958","https://openalex.org/W2963415238","https://openalex.org/W2964042011","https://openalex.org/W2990443221","https://openalex.org/W6771142721"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2548963335","https://openalex.org/W2601693592","https://openalex.org/W2094272778","https://openalex.org/W2040281428","https://openalex.org/W2067936044","https://openalex.org/W2181359380","https://openalex.org/W1958963368","https://openalex.org/W2091853556","https://openalex.org/W2052735704","https://openalex.org/W2292588252"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,48],"paper":[1],"considers":[2],"an":[3],"uplink":[4,44],"cell-free":[5,83,95,172],"massive":[6],"multi-input":[7],"multi-output":[8],"(mMIMO)":[9],"system":[10],"with":[11,53,85,97,144,174],"multi-antenna":[12],"access":[13],"points":[14],"(APs)":[15],"and":[16,67,140,154],"users,":[17],"assuming":[18],"low-resolution":[19,74,86,129,152,175],"analog-to-digital":[20],"converter":[21],"(ADC)":[22],"architecture":[23],"is":[24,79,109],"employed":[25],"at":[26,114],"the":[27,31,59,62,68,90,102,107,115,119,126,135,138,148,155,171,178,188],"APs.":[28],"Leveraging":[29],"on":[30],"additive":[32],"quantization":[33,71,149,169],"noise":[34],"model":[35],"(AQNM),":[36],"we":[37,132],"derive":[38],"a":[39,54,82,94,167,182],"tight":[40],"approximate":[41],"expression":[42],"for":[43,56],"spectral":[45],"efficiency":[46,142],"(SE).":[47],"trackable":[49],"finding":[50],"provides":[51],"us":[52],"tool":[55],"easily":[57],"quantifying":[58],"impacts":[60],"of":[61,64,70,73,104,106,128,151,157],"number":[63,69,103,156],"antenna":[65,158],"arrays":[66],"bit":[72,150],"ADCs.":[75,99],"We":[76],"find":[77],"5-bit":[78],"required":[80],"in":[81],"mMIMO":[84,96,173],"ADCs":[87,130,153,176,190],"to":[88,123,180,187],"achieve":[89],"same":[91],"SE":[92,139],"as":[93],"full-precision":[98],"Besides,":[100],"when":[101],"antennas":[105,113],"user":[108],"small,":[110],"deploying":[111],"more":[112],"users":[116],"can":[117],"boost":[118],"sum":[120],"SE.":[121],"Then,":[122],"further":[124],"highlight":[125],"potential":[127],"architecture,":[131],"also":[133],"investigate":[134],"tradeoff":[136,185],"between":[137],"energy":[141],"(EE)":[143],"design":[145],"issues":[146],"surrounding":[147],"arrays.":[159],"The":[160],"resulting":[161],"observations":[162],"reveal":[163],"that":[164],"by":[165],"choosing":[166],"proper":[168],"bit,":[170],"has":[177],"capability":[179],"enjoy":[181],"better":[183],"SE-EE":[184],"compared":[186],"perfect":[189],"counterpart.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}