{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2969901236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2936235","title":"LearnAFL: Greybox Fuzzing With Knowledge Enhancement","display_name":"LearnAFL: Greybox Fuzzing With Knowledge Enhancement","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2969901236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2936235","mag":"2969901236"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2936235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2936235","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08811487.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08811487.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075919641","display_name":"Tai Yue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7276-8735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tai Yue","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110374351","display_name":"Yong Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101715460","display_name":"Bo Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6576-5555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103049354","display_name":"Pengfei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0037-6054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100761561","display_name":"Enze Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2521-063X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enze Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075919641"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.0232,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96363254,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"117029","last_page":"117043"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzz-testing","display_name":"Fuzz testing","score":0.9754263758659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.864586591720581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-testing","display_name":"Software testing","score":0.5184237957000732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5123180150985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-coverage","display_name":"Code coverage","score":0.49323099851608276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-bug","display_name":"Software bug","score":0.4657052159309387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.4404069781303406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3796476721763611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3470725417137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.28348201513290405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111065885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189053","display_name":"Fuzz testing","level":3,"score":0.9754263758659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.864586591720581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984328558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188522","display_name":"Software testing","level":3,"score":0.5184237957000732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5123180150985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53942775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1211721","display_name":"Code coverage","level":3,"score":0.49323099851608276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.4657052159309387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4404069781303406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3796476721763611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3470725417137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.28348201513290405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2936235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2936235","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08811487.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:87743016d67d498ca7d7643bb747ced7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/87743016d67d498ca7d7643bb747ced7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 117029-117043 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2936235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2936235","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08811487.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1569051532","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019JJ50729","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8085020740","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61472437","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8346263138","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61902412","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8945236681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61902416","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334924","display_name":"Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2969901236.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2969901236.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W157156687","https://openalex.org/W348312514","https://openalex.org/W596876462","https://openalex.org/W617994898","https://openalex.org/W1493463659","https://openalex.org/W1878544538","https://openalex.org/W1988524530","https://openalex.org/W2002934700","https://openalex.org/W2044058194","https://openalex.org/W2141175718","https://openalex.org/W2484031791","https://openalex.org/W2499791918","https://openalex.org/W2535617737","https://openalex.org/W2574017551","https://openalex.org/W2583649498","https://openalex.org/W2613534458","https://openalex.org/W2701225458","https://openalex.org/W2757104921","https://openalex.org/W2766540688","https://openalex.org/W2777430404","https://openalex.org/W2794670092","https://openalex.org/W2801872634","https://openalex.org/W2811397117","https://openalex.org/W2886081690","https://openalex.org/W2952183208","https://openalex.org/W2964097210","https://openalex.org/W2964241064","https://openalex.org/W3104664063","https://openalex.org/W6606430823","https://openalex.org/W6611718138","https://openalex.org/W6639560864","https://openalex.org/W6681015208","https://openalex.org/W6753599606"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W614438062","https://openalex.org/W4313066017","https://openalex.org/W3173990398","https://openalex.org/W4205454537","https://openalex.org/W4385301282","https://openalex.org/W2297949281","https://openalex.org/W4381785649","https://openalex.org/W4319791806","https://openalex.org/W4226494072","https://openalex.org/W4384155735"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mutation-based":[0],"greybox":[1],"fuzzing":[2],"is":[3,63,114],"a":[4,30,55,200],"highly":[5],"effective":[6],"and":[7,120,135,154,160,173],"widely":[8],"used":[9],"technique":[10],"to":[11,24,109,116,181],"find":[12],"bugs":[13],"in":[14,169],"software.":[15],"Provided":[16],"initial":[17,193],"seeds,":[18,112],"fuzzers":[19,139],"continuously":[20],"generate":[21],"test":[22,25,97,123],"cases":[23,98,124],"the":[26,34,41,45,48,74,96,101,111,122,182,187,192,216],"software":[27],"by":[28,94],"mutating":[29],"seed":[31,194],"input.":[32],"However,":[33],"majority":[35],"of":[36,47,73,91,156,158,176,195,203,215],"them":[37],"are":[38],"\u201cinvalid\u201d":[39],"because":[40],"mutation":[42],"may":[43],"destroy":[44],"format":[46,82,89,107,188,201,218],"seeds.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51],"paper,":[52],"we":[53,185],"present":[54],"knowledge-learn":[56],"evolutionary":[57],"fuzzer":[58],"based":[59],"on":[60,80,140],"AFL,":[61],"which":[62,113,177],"called":[64],"LearnAFL.":[65],"LearnAFL":[66,85,104,132,148,163,210],"does":[67],"not":[68],"require":[69],"any":[70,220],"prior":[71,221],"knowledge":[72,90],"application":[75],"or":[76],"input":[77],"format.":[78],"Based":[79],"our":[81],"generation":[83],"theory,":[84],"can":[86],"learn":[87],"partial":[88],"some":[92,136],"paths":[93,119,127],"analyzing":[95],"that":[99,147,157,209],"exercise":[100],"paths.":[102],"Then":[103],"uses":[105],"these":[106],"information":[108,189],"mutate":[110],"efficient":[115],"explore":[117],"deeper":[118],"reduce":[121],"exercising":[125],"high-frequency":[126],"than":[128],"AFL.":[129],"We":[130],"compared":[131,186],"with":[133,199],"AFL":[134,159],"other":[137],"state-of-the-art":[138],"ten":[141],"real-world":[142],"programs.":[143],"The":[144,206],"result":[145,207],"showed":[146,208],"could":[149],"reach":[150],"branch":[151],"coverage":[152],"120%":[153],"110%":[155],"FairFuzz,":[161],"respectively.":[162],"also":[164],"found":[165],"8":[166],"unknown":[167],"vulnerabilities":[168],"GNU":[170],"Binutils,":[171],"Libpng":[172],"Gif2png,":[174],"all":[175],"have":[178],"been":[179],"reported":[180],"vendors.":[183],"Besides,":[184],"learned":[190],"from":[191],"an":[196],"ELF":[197,204],"file":[198,217],"standard":[202],"files.":[205],"learns":[211],"about":[212],"64%":[213],"part":[214],"without":[219],"knowledge.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-15T09:29:46.208133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}