{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2969877531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2936047","title":"Tri-Direction 2D-Fisher Discriminant Analysis (T2D-FDA) for Feature Extraction","display_name":"Tri-Direction 2D-Fisher Discriminant Analysis (T2D-FDA) for Feature Extraction","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2969877531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2936047","mag":"2969877531"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2936047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2936047","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08805070.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08805070.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035419130","display_name":"Minghua Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5725-6240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206777745","display_name":"Nanjing Audit University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zj2bd87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206777745"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minghua Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5725-6240","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206777745"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085132445","display_name":"Hao Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0829-9660"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128418","display_name":"Nanjing Xiaozhuang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03fnv7n42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128418"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information processing, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0829-9660","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information processing, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037953083","display_name":"Guowei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5204-1766"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206777745","display_name":"Nanjing Audit University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zj2bd87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206777745"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guowei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206777745"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038941441","display_name":"Tianming Zhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5030-3032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206777745","display_name":"Nanjing Audit University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zj2bd87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206777745"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianming Zhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5030-3032","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206777745"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006226649","display_name":"Wei Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0095-1354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165736","display_name":"Hanshan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/05tqaz865","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165736"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165736"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.1985,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5317001,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"114714","last_page":"114720"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9462000131607056,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9452999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.7881201505661011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7479796409606934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6383672952651978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.6204286813735962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6121595501899719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.559015691280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subspace-topology","display_name":"Subspace topology","score":0.5095734596252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.4671081304550171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.44628071784973145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminant","display_name":"Discriminant","score":0.42227593064308167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.40715131163597107}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.7881201505661011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7479796409606934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6383672952651978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.6204286813735962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6121595501899719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.559015691280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.5095734596252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.4671081304550171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.44628071784973145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78397625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192487","display_name":"Discriminant","level":2,"score":0.42227593064308167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40715131163597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2936047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2936047","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08805070.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ff5f24fa13ef41ae889b7a0143255491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ff5f24fa13ef41ae889b7a0143255491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 114714-114720 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2936047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2936047","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08805070.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3874947184","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61462064","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4298869060","display_name":"\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u8bed\u97f3\u589e\u5f3a\u7684\u751f\u6210\u5bf9\u6297\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u578b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61861033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G460002139","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016A030307050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G512049380","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20161580","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6938694519","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20171494","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7317382233","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1831127","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7676449106","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61976118","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7850890711","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61876213","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8100875330","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017A040405062","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G811154747","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61603192","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8745099089","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6177227","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321605","display_name":"Government of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/004svx814"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322665","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325626","display_name":"Education Department of Jiangxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2969877531.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2969877531.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985177823","https://openalex.org/W1985809919","https://openalex.org/W2003860694","https://openalex.org/W2012352340","https://openalex.org/W2038118599","https://openalex.org/W2070110734","https://openalex.org/W2087425408","https://openalex.org/W2088900896","https://openalex.org/W2095818338","https://openalex.org/W2102544846","https://openalex.org/W2103359886","https://openalex.org/W2107542203","https://openalex.org/W2116019577","https://openalex.org/W2116551122","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2137199074","https://openalex.org/W2148557204","https://openalex.org/W2417723176","https://openalex.org/W2763163816","https://openalex.org/W4212783130","https://openalex.org/W6674610232"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2052589448","https://openalex.org/W2765337000","https://openalex.org/W3104072235","https://openalex.org/W2391447249","https://openalex.org/W2312955079","https://openalex.org/W2350751952","https://openalex.org/W2350996391","https://openalex.org/W1999647744","https://openalex.org/W2362114017","https://openalex.org/W2066119650"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"new":[1],"image":[2,49,57,82,90],"feature":[3,103],"extraction":[4],"method":[5,131],"for":[6,143],"face":[7,135,168],"recognition":[8,136],"called":[9],"Tri-direction":[10],"2D-Fisher":[11],"Discriminant":[12,29],"Analysis":[13,30],"(T2D-FDA)":[14],"is":[15,37,59,64,78,111,125,132],"proposed":[16,130],"to":[17,95,134],"deal":[18],"with":[19],"the":[20,33,40,43,47,52,72,76,89,113,151],"Small":[21],"Sample":[22],"Size":[23],"(SSS)":[24],"problem":[25,115,158],"in":[26,108,127,156],"conventional":[27],"1D-Fisher":[28],"(1D-FDA).":[31],"Moreover,":[32],"essence":[34],"of":[35,42,46,55],"T2D-FDA":[36,77,149],"investigated,":[38],"and":[39,51,166],"equivalence":[41],"left-multiplying":[44,53],"2D-FDA":[45],"original":[48],"matrices":[50,58,83,123],"D2D-FDA":[54],"diagonal":[56],"verified":[60],"if":[61],"each":[62,144],"column":[63,86],"viewed":[65],"as":[66],"a":[67,99],"computational":[68],"unit.":[69],"Different":[70],"from":[71],"1D-LDA":[73],"based":[74,79],"approaches,":[75],"on":[80,159],"2D":[81],"rather":[84],"than":[85],"vectors,":[87],"so":[88],"matrix":[91],"does":[92,116],"not":[93,117],"need":[94],"be":[96],"transformed":[97],"into":[98],"long":[100],"vector":[101],"before":[102],"extraction.":[104],"The":[105,129],"advantage":[106],"arising":[107],"this":[109],"way":[110],"that":[112],"SSS":[114,157],"exist":[118,142],"anymore":[119],"because":[120],"within-class":[121],"scatter":[122],"constructed":[124],"full-rank":[126],"T2D-FDA.":[128],"applied":[133],"where":[137],"only":[138],"few":[139],"training":[140],"images":[141],"subject.":[145],"Experiment":[146],"results":[147],"show":[148],"outperforms":[150],"current":[152],"linear":[153],"subspace":[154],"methods":[155],"four":[160],"public":[161],"databases:":[162],"ORL,":[163],"Yale,":[164],"AR":[165],"FERET":[167],"databases.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}