{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2969634467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2936034","title":"Context-Aware Implicit Authentication of Smartphone Users Based on Multi-Sensor Behavior","display_name":"Context-Aware Implicit Authentication of Smartphone Users Based on Multi-Sensor Behavior","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2969634467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2936034","mag":"2969634467"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2936034","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2936034","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08805079.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08805079.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101966949","display_name":"Renzhong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7063-0257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Renzhong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062430620","display_name":"Dan Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7368-2132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101966949"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":8.8078,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97751191,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"119654","last_page":"119667"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9793999791145325,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8641185164451599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7805687189102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.6011697053909302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5270562171936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timestamp","display_name":"Timestamp","score":0.5046881437301636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.45054659247398376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43076834082603455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.4243861436843872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/message-authentication-code","display_name":"Message authentication code","score":0.4234564006328583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.4170231521129608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.34503501653671265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.33157339692115784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.329006552696228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.32645824551582336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.31871163845062256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.28001803159713745}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8641185164451599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7805687189102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.6011697053909302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5270562171936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113954288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186885","display_name":"Timestamp","level":2,"score":0.5046881437301636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.45054659247398376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43076834082603455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.4243861436843872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141492731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052621","display_name":"Message authentication code","level":3,"score":0.4234564006328583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.4170231521129608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.34503501653671265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.33157339692115784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.329006552696228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.32645824551582336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.31871163845062256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.28001803159713745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2936034","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2936034","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08805079.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2d5682c586a94d55ba119a482deccf8d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2d5682c586a94d55ba119a482deccf8d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 119654-119667 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2936034","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2936034","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08805079.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6800000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G37568934","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G544276027","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61872027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2969634467.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2969634467.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W87400274","https://openalex.org/W1483327747","https://openalex.org/W1548125220","https://openalex.org/W1979834178","https://openalex.org/W1983317912","https://openalex.org/W2008641458","https://openalex.org/W2017658349","https://openalex.org/W2035866181","https://openalex.org/W2038790378","https://openalex.org/W2049305588","https://openalex.org/W2064376060","https://openalex.org/W2098617375","https://openalex.org/W2102932275","https://openalex.org/W2129793529","https://openalex.org/W2132870739","https://openalex.org/W2151854612","https://openalex.org/W2154123601","https://openalex.org/W2218307818","https://openalex.org/W2225611246","https://openalex.org/W2304304210","https://openalex.org/W2330464377","https://openalex.org/W2335851121","https://openalex.org/W2408780603","https://openalex.org/W2484628184","https://openalex.org/W2487087946","https://openalex.org/W2494946859","https://openalex.org/W2504618076","https://openalex.org/W2522003857","https://openalex.org/W2571266056","https://openalex.org/W2626839242","https://openalex.org/W2742024892","https://openalex.org/W2742615025","https://openalex.org/W2753238659","https://openalex.org/W2755603548","https://openalex.org/W2800041363","https://openalex.org/W2800539131","https://openalex.org/W2804919458","https://openalex.org/W2805396670","https://openalex.org/W2908776365","https://openalex.org/W2913008676","https://openalex.org/W2937406434","https://openalex.org/W3133596308","https://openalex.org/W6675245884","https://openalex.org/W6722400499","https://openalex.org/W6742343667"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2166668397","https://openalex.org/W2116285675","https://openalex.org/W1533309011","https://openalex.org/W4385078881","https://openalex.org/W3048245612","https://openalex.org/W2896383829","https://openalex.org/W1980599209","https://openalex.org/W1555715488","https://openalex.org/W1991172351","https://openalex.org/W1510656496"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Implicit":[0],"authentication":[1,16,45,150],"is":[2,37,64,166],"a":[3,32,38,68,116,157],"new":[4],"research":[5],"direction":[6],"to":[7,21,24,40,71,121],"enhance":[8],"the":[9,42,52,123,149,173,182],"privacy":[10],"protection":[11],"of":[12,44,125,163,186],"smartphones.":[13],"However,":[14],"implicit":[15,34,187],"has":[17],"low":[18],"robustness":[19,43],"due":[20],"its":[22],"vulnerability":[23],"environment.":[25],"Motivated":[26],"by":[27,46,89,129],"this,":[28],"this":[29],"paper":[30],"proposes":[31],"context-aware":[33],"authentication,":[35],"which":[36,165],"scheme":[39],"improve":[41,181],"introducing":[47],"context":[48],"awareness":[49],"module.":[50],"In":[51,111],"scheme,":[53],"multi-sensor":[54],"data":[55,138],"(including":[56],"accelerometer,":[57],"gyroscope,":[58],"magnetometer,":[59],"timestamp,":[60],"pressure,":[61],"touch":[62,74,85,103],"size)":[63],"first":[65],"captured":[66],"in":[67,151],"fine-grained":[69],"manner":[70],"characterize":[72],"one's":[73,99],"action.":[75],"Then,":[76],"based":[77],"on":[78],"various":[79],"sensors":[80],"data,":[81],"gesture":[82],"features":[83,86,127],"and":[84,94,184],"are":[87],"extracted":[88],"employing":[90],"both":[91],"statistical":[92],"method":[93,178],"distance":[95],"measurement":[96],"method.":[97],"Particularly,":[98],"body":[100],"posture":[101],"when":[102],"action":[104],"happens":[105],"can":[106,155,179],"be":[107],"used":[108],"as":[109],"context.":[110],"each":[112],"context,":[113],"we":[114],"present":[115],"weighted":[117],"sum":[118],"fusion":[119],"rule":[120],"fuse":[122],"results":[124,146],"different":[126],"obtained":[128],"One-Class":[130],"SVM":[131],"(OC-SVM).":[132],"We":[133],"have":[134],"collected":[135],"10000+":[136],"sensor":[137],"from":[139],"87":[140],"participants":[141],"for":[142],"experimental":[143],"evaluation.":[144],"The":[145,176],"show":[147],"that":[148],"an":[152],"unrestricted":[153],"environment":[154],"achieve":[156],"best":[158],"equal":[159],"error":[160],"rate":[161],"(EER)":[162],"0.0071%,":[164],"more":[167],"than":[168,172],"one":[169],"percent":[170],"lower":[171],"non-context-aware":[174],"authentication.":[175,188],"proposed":[177],"effectively":[180],"reliability":[183],"practicability":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
