{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2968269837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2935386","title":"Analysis of the Evolution of the Spanish Labour Market Through Unsupervised Learning","display_name":"Analysis of the Evolution of the Spanish Labour Market Through Unsupervised Learning","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2968269837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2935386","mag":"2968269837"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2935386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2935386","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08798630.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08798630.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087784610","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Luna-Romera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-4704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79238269","display_name":"Universidad de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/03yxnpp24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jose Maria Luna-Romera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Computer Science, University of Seville, Seville, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computer Science, University of Seville, Seville, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065067916","display_name":"Fernando N\u00fa\u00f1ez Hern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8029-2493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79238269","display_name":"Universidad de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/03yxnpp24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernando Nunez-Hernandez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Organization, University of Seville, Seville, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Organization, University of Seville, Seville, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028880020","display_name":"M. Mart\u00ednez-Ballesteros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3160-7414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79238269","display_name":"Universidad de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/03yxnpp24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Martinez-Ballesteros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Computer Science, University of Seville, Seville, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computer Science, University of Seville, Seville, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036001529","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 C. Riquelme","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8243-2186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79238269","display_name":"Universidad de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/03yxnpp24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose C. Riquelme","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Computer Science, University of Seville, Seville, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computer Science, University of Seville, Seville, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103951717","display_name":"Carlos Usabiaga Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95013407","display_name":"Universidad Pablo de Olavide","ror":"https://ror.org/02z749649","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95013407"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Usabiaga Ibanez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95013407"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087784610"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.1935,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91568424,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"121695","last_page":"121708"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14051","display_name":"Regional Economic and Spatial Analysis","score":0.881600022315979,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14051","display_name":"Regional Economic and Spatial Analysis","score":0.881600022315979,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10551","display_name":"Scheduling and Optimization Algorithms","score":0.8567000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.7391999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unemployment","display_name":"Unemployment","score":0.7592475414276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quarter","display_name":"Quarter (Canadian coin)","score":0.5615952014923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labour-economics","display_name":"Labour economics","score":0.5008766651153564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-union","display_name":"European union","score":0.48431769013404846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.45862334966659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/period","display_name":"Period (music)","score":0.4519956409931183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unemployment-rate","display_name":"Unemployment rate","score":0.4322457015514374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographic-economics","display_name":"Demographic economics","score":0.3736976981163025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-policy","display_name":"Economic policy","score":0.24806517362594604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.16550180315971375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.136508971452713}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778126366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41171","display_name":"Unemployment","level":2,"score":0.7592475414276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85079727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560114","display_name":"Quarter (Canadian coin)","level":2,"score":0.5615952014923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.5008766651153564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.48431769013404846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.45862334966659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781291010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178580","display_name":"Period (music)","level":2,"score":0.4519956409931183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994488168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41171","display_name":"Unemployment rate","level":3,"score":0.4322457015514374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3736976981163025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105639569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577","display_name":"Economic policy","level":1,"score":0.24806517362594604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.16550180315971375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.136508971452713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2935386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2935386","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08798630.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:idus________::7c703ec74961d936a06b708d1c886fa9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://idus.us.es/handle//11441/94124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402641","display_name":"LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Cient\u00edficas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4383465926","host_organization_name":"LA Referencia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4383465926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c948620b3a344ea5bacbae471075672d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c948620b3a344ea5bacbae471075672d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 121695-121708 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2935386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2935386","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08798630.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G273497778","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TIN2017-88209-C2-2-R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3120993914","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TIN2017-88209-C2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4516321119","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TIN2014-55894-C2-R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2968269837.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2968269837.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W147360723","https://openalex.org/W974986761","https://openalex.org/W1128809682","https://openalex.org/W1489459410","https://openalex.org/W1555247229","https://openalex.org/W1564910753","https://openalex.org/W1570448133","https://openalex.org/W1968591065","https://openalex.org/W1978419189","https://openalex.org/W1992419399","https://openalex.org/W2007565311","https://openalex.org/W2008981950","https://openalex.org/W2015601096","https://openalex.org/W2024209946","https://openalex.org/W2050432760","https://openalex.org/W2051224630","https://openalex.org/W2068280509","https://openalex.org/W2070960867","https://openalex.org/W2087172564","https://openalex.org/W2100472239","https://openalex.org/W2125549684","https://openalex.org/W2127218421","https://openalex.org/W2136172577","https://openalex.org/W2140190241","https://openalex.org/W2140451438","https://openalex.org/W2144828605","https://openalex.org/W2312446679","https://openalex.org/W2537312935","https://openalex.org/W2761244844","https://openalex.org/W2766640862","https://openalex.org/W2768467070","https://openalex.org/W2775245461","https://openalex.org/W2790486829","https://openalex.org/W2804498673","https://openalex.org/W2805563081","https://openalex.org/W2915116820","https://openalex.org/W3121814081","https://openalex.org/W3124973903","https://openalex.org/W3143243128","https://openalex.org/W4237208248","https://openalex.org/W4252481722","https://openalex.org/W4388134873","https://openalex.org/W6629316397","https://openalex.org/W6678914141","https://openalex.org/W6746072455"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3106685271","https://openalex.org/W1926890542","https://openalex.org/W2355380582","https://openalex.org/W1964359486","https://openalex.org/W2104127844","https://openalex.org/W3203246407","https://openalex.org/W1909815722","https://openalex.org/W4318819745","https://openalex.org/W1532598854","https://openalex.org/W67213518"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unemployment":[0],"in":[1,19,24,62,69,184,204,250],"Spain":[2],"is":[3,15,31,41,81,88],"one":[4,42],"of":[5,9,28,43,71,78,115,124,194,196,219,244,248],"the":[6,16,20,25,44,50,53,58,66,85,93,105,125,156,161,176,185,192,197,202,205,208,216,233],"biggest":[7],"concerns":[8],"its":[10],"inhabitants.":[11],"Its":[12],"unemployment":[13,34],"rate":[14],"second":[17,26],"highest":[18],"European":[21],"Union,":[22],"and":[23,109,131,152,160,175,214],"quarter":[27],"2018":[29],"there":[30,180,224],"a":[32,113,150,242],"15.2%":[33],"rate,":[35],"some":[36,182,195,227,245],"3.4":[37],"million":[38,133],"unemployed.":[39],"Construction":[40],"activity":[45],"sectors":[46],"that":[47,95,179,229,238],"have":[48,166,190,240],"suffered":[49],"most":[51],"from":[52],"economic":[54,59,106,116],"crisis.":[55,234],"In":[56],"addition,":[57],"crisis":[60,107,209],"affected":[61],"different":[63,173],"ways":[64],"to":[65,82,104,129,148,263],"labour":[67,86,138,163,187,206],"market":[68,87,139,188],"terms":[70],"occupation":[72],"level":[73],"or":[74],"location.":[75],"The":[76,118,137,199,252],"aim":[77],"this":[79],"paper":[80],"discover":[83],"how":[84],"organised":[89],"taking":[90],"into":[91],"account":[92],"jobs":[94],"workers":[96,249],"get":[97],"during":[98],"two":[99,168,172],"periods:":[100],"2011-2013,":[101],"which":[102,111,189],"corresponds":[103],"period,":[108],"2014-2016,":[110],"was":[112,140],"period":[114],"recovery.":[117],"data":[119],"used":[120],"are":[121],"official":[122],"records":[123],"Spanish":[126,186],"administration":[127],"corresponding":[128],"1.9":[130],"2.4":[132],"job":[134,221,267],"placements,":[135],"respectively.":[136],"analysed":[141],"by":[142,257],"applying":[143],"unsupervised":[144],"machine":[145],"learning":[146],"techniques":[147],"obtain":[149],"clear":[151],"structured":[153],"information":[154],"on":[155],"employment":[157],"generation":[158],"process":[159],"underlying":[162],"mobility.":[164],"We":[165,235],"applied":[167],"clustering":[169],"methods":[170],"with":[171],"technologies,":[174],"results":[177],"indicate":[178],"were":[181],"movements":[183],"changed":[191],"physiognomy":[193],"jobs.":[198],"analysis":[200],"reveals":[201],"changes":[203],"market:":[207],"forces":[210],"greater":[211],"geographical":[212],"mobility":[213],"favours":[215],"subsequent":[217],"emergence":[218],"new":[220],"sources.":[222],"Nevertheless,":[223],"still":[225],"exist":[226],"clusters":[228],"remain":[230],"stable":[231],"despite":[232],"may":[236],"conclude":[237],"we":[239],"achieved":[241],"characterisation":[243],"important":[246],"groups":[247],"Spain.":[251],"methodology":[253],"used,":[254],"being":[255],"supported":[256],"Big":[258],"Data":[259],"techniques,":[260],"would":[261],"serve":[262],"analyse":[264],"any":[265],"alternative":[266],"market.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}