{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2967834188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2934754","title":"Target Detection and Localization Using Non-Cooperative Frequency Agile Phased Array Radar Illuminator","display_name":"Target Detection and Localization Using Non-Cooperative Frequency Agile Phased Array Radar Illuminator","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2967834188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2934754","mag":"2967834188"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2934754","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2934754","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08794786.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08794786.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020551131","display_name":"Panhe Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5895-3152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panhe Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on ATR, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5895-3152","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on ATR, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101795594","display_name":"Qinglong Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5165-2717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinglong Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on ATR, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on ATR, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101406275","display_name":"Zengping Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2892-8252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zengping Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":12.8813,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98074552,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"111277","last_page":"111286"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7868338823318481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.49334779381752014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-probability-of-intercept-radar","display_name":"Low probability of intercept radar","score":0.4884861707687378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agile-software-development","display_name":"Agile software development","score":0.4539704918861389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.44187527894973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4334535300731659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fire-control-radar","display_name":"Fire-control radar","score":0.4184334874153137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phased-array","display_name":"Phased array","score":0.4170600175857544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bistatic-radar","display_name":"Bistatic radar","score":0.4127744734287262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3837389647960663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.3254581689834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.28439176082611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.21322673559188843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15451884269714355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7868338823318481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.49334779381752014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147345108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693040","display_name":"Low probability of intercept radar","level":5,"score":0.4884861707687378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14185376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30232","display_name":"Agile software development","level":2,"score":0.4539704918861389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.44187527894973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4334535300731659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84236424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1028695","display_name":"Fire-control radar","level":5,"score":0.4184334874153137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55494473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727898","display_name":"Phased array","level":3,"score":0.4170600175857544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100102862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625855","display_name":"Bistatic radar","level":4,"score":0.4127744734287262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3837389647960663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.3254581689834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.28439176082611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.21322673559188843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15451884269714355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2934754","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2934754","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08794786.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7d60f0ae49bc46799b4a36f7838b4b33","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7d60f0ae49bc46799b4a36f7838b4b33","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 111277-111286 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2934754","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2934754","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08794786.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4086891935","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61401489","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2967834188.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2967834188.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W597465370","https://openalex.org/W1570443984","https://openalex.org/W1979994629","https://openalex.org/W1983000277","https://openalex.org/W2063642982","https://openalex.org/W2122038767","https://openalex.org/W2136819976","https://openalex.org/W2168092927","https://openalex.org/W2169570688","https://openalex.org/W2286901441","https://openalex.org/W2327200029","https://openalex.org/W2414844821","https://openalex.org/W2513181566","https://openalex.org/W2522792133","https://openalex.org/W2525794213","https://openalex.org/W2526498414","https://openalex.org/W2576409817","https://openalex.org/W2605991664","https://openalex.org/W2625898979","https://openalex.org/W2770681400","https://openalex.org/W2793306654","https://openalex.org/W2793516142","https://openalex.org/W2809882462","https://openalex.org/W2883281521","https://openalex.org/W4214564193","https://openalex.org/W4231828187","https://openalex.org/W6684554876","https://openalex.org/W6701396654"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2037182988","https://openalex.org/W2380488979","https://openalex.org/W2116371882","https://openalex.org/W284036290","https://openalex.org/W2068771776","https://openalex.org/W2300657492","https://openalex.org/W1577154265","https://openalex.org/W4380451819","https://openalex.org/W2162246720","https://openalex.org/W2161009049"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"passive":[1],"bistatic":[2],"radar":[3,82,162],"(PBR)":[4],"has":[5],"become":[6],"an":[7],"emerging":[8],"technology":[9,135],"because":[10],"it":[11,150],"allows":[12],"target":[13,180],"detection":[14,181],"and":[15,29,141,182],"localization":[16,183],"with":[17],"advantages":[18],"of":[19,44,86,88,120,144],"low":[20,24],"cost,":[21],"covert":[22],"detection,":[23],"vulnerability":[25],"to":[26,33,154,200],"electronic":[27],"jamming":[28],"high":[30],"valuable":[31],"counter":[32],"stealth":[34],"technology.":[35],"However,":[36],"these":[37,172],"researchers":[38],"mainly":[39],"focus":[40],"on":[41],"the":[42,66,93,117,126,129,132,137,142,194],"illuminators":[43],"opportunity":[45,89],"such":[46,159],"as":[47],"FM":[48],"radio,":[49],"television":[50],"broadcast,":[51],"mobile":[52],"network":[53],"basestation,":[54],"wireless":[55],"fidelity,":[56],"long":[57],"term":[58],"evolution,":[59],"global":[60],"navigation":[61],"satellite,":[62],"etc.":[63],"Different":[64],"from":[65],"aforementioned":[67],"illuminators,":[68],"this":[69,174],"paper":[70,175],"introduces":[71],"a":[72,76,109,114,178],"new":[73],"PBR":[74,96,106,153,201],"using":[75],"non-cooperative":[77,110],"frequency":[78,133],"agile":[79],"phased":[80],"array":[81],"illuminator.":[83],"The":[84],"types":[85],"illuminator":[87],"are":[90,123],"enriched,":[91],"whereas":[92],"difficulties":[94],"in":[95,108],"signal":[97,122,163],"processing":[98,164],"also":[99],"come":[100],"along.":[101],"On":[102,128],"one":[103],"hand,":[104,131],"since":[105],"works":[107],"mode,":[111],"there":[112],"is":[113,186],"problem":[115],"that":[116],"instantaneous":[118],"parameters":[119],"transmitting":[121],"unknown":[124],"at":[125],"receiver.":[127],"other":[130],"agility":[134],"destroys":[136],"coherency":[138],"between":[139],"pulses":[140],"ability":[143],"rapidly":[145],"changing":[146],"beam":[147],"scanning":[148],"makes":[149],"difficult":[151],"for":[152],"realize":[155],"space":[156],"synchronization.":[157],"Under":[158],"scenarios,":[160],"conventional":[161],"methods":[165],"cannot":[166],"be":[167,198],"conducted":[168],"effectively.":[169],"To":[170],"address":[171],"problems,":[173],"then":[176],"proposes":[177],"feasible":[179],"method,":[184],"which":[185],"tested":[187],"by":[188],"field":[189],"experiments.":[190],"Preliminary":[191],"results":[192],"validate":[193],"proposed":[195],"method":[196],"can":[197],"applied":[199],"system":[202],"successfully.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}