{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2966909007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2934049","title":"Decentralized Distribution of PCP Mappings Over Blockchain for End-to-End Secure Direct Communications","display_name":"Decentralized Distribution of PCP Mappings Over Blockchain for End-to-End Secure Direct Communications","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2966909007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2934049","mag":"2966909007"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2934049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2934049","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08792050.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08792050.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002648936","display_name":"Elie Kfoury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1236-6168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elie F. Kfoury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Information Technology Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1236-6168","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Information Technology Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010853777","display_name":"Jose Gomez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2705-7095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Gomez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Information Technology Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Information Technology Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058298121","display_name":"Jorge Crichigno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6705-5300"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorge Crichigno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Information Technology Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Information Technology Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039079298","display_name":"Elias Bou\u2010Harb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8040-4635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63772739","display_name":"Florida Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p8w6387","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elias Bou-Harb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Threat Intelligence Lab, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Threat Intelligence Lab, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045872771","display_name":"David Khoury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3333-6574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67054835","display_name":"American University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04spwz235","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67054835"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Khoury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, American University of Science and Technology, Beirut, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, American University of Science and Technology, Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67054835"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002648936"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.597,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87850668,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"110159","last_page":"110173"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12203","display_name":"Mobile Agent-Based Network Management","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nat-traversal","display_name":"NAT traversal","score":0.8428341150283813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7944239377975464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.7114807963371277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voice-over-ip","display_name":"Voice over IP","score":0.631258487701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-address-translation","display_name":"Network address translation","score":0.5409740805625916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5346718430519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.44990357756614685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/port","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","score":0.4452362656593323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-to-end-principle","display_name":"End-to-end principle","score":0.4256863594055176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-protocol","display_name":"Internet Protocol","score":0.3921874761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1439395546913147}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113707754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581558","display_name":"NAT traversal","level":5,"score":0.8428341150283813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7944239377975464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.7114807963371277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171246234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81945","display_name":"Voice over IP","level":3,"score":0.631258487701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147873670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11182","display_name":"Network address translation","level":4,"score":0.5409740805625916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5346718430519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.44990357756614685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32802771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2443617","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","level":2,"score":0.4452362656593323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74296488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2527392","display_name":"End-to-end principle","level":2,"score":0.4256863594055176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35341882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8795","display_name":"Internet Protocol","level":3,"score":0.3921874761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1439395546913147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2934049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2934049","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08792050.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bfd88c4a736b419790d8adca83fc6827","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bfd88c4a736b419790d8adca83fc6827","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 110159-110173 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2934049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2934049","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08792050.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2015243477","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1822567","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2966909007.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2966909007.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W358480618","https://openalex.org/W1520102093","https://openalex.org/W1605816851","https://openalex.org/W1664342854","https://openalex.org/W1677315679","https://openalex.org/W1990126021","https://openalex.org/W2013613544","https://openalex.org/W2020401323","https://openalex.org/W2028926203","https://openalex.org/W2075663864","https://openalex.org/W2129429132","https://openalex.org/W2195533881","https://openalex.org/W2234627360","https://openalex.org/W2241551189","https://openalex.org/W2270763902","https://openalex.org/W2273196292","https://openalex.org/W2280634857","https://openalex.org/W2281150297","https://openalex.org/W2289424780","https://openalex.org/W2299636399","https://openalex.org/W2346063447","https://openalex.org/W2487661922","https://openalex.org/W2528437895","https://openalex.org/W2533941064","https://openalex.org/W2544710688","https://openalex.org/W2548550310","https://openalex.org/W2595976459","https://openalex.org/W2732894263","https://openalex.org/W2783408024","https://openalex.org/W2796307943","https://openalex.org/W2804247159","https://openalex.org/W2810011639","https://openalex.org/W2888033782","https://openalex.org/W2890992331","https://openalex.org/W2897751645","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4250101418","https://openalex.org/W4253631706","https://openalex.org/W6689606466","https://openalex.org/W6894238276"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2135965520","https://openalex.org/W2135517186","https://openalex.org/W2276612287","https://openalex.org/W2148606163","https://openalex.org/W4253290838","https://openalex.org/W2253684485","https://openalex.org/W2395038619","https://openalex.org/W2127902905","https://openalex.org/W2382234188","https://openalex.org/W2383818951"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0],"Address":[1],"Translation":[2],"(NAT)":[3],"is":[4,54,184],"a":[5,21,30,33,55,75,82,93,132],"method":[6,104],"that":[7,181],"enables":[8],"devices":[9,152],"with":[10,201],"private":[11,86],"IP":[12,23,42,87,95],"addresses":[13],"to":[14,16,67,78,92,109,172],"connect":[15],"the":[17,26,61,69,107,116,121,161,182],"Internet":[18,45,62],"by":[19,60],"sharing":[20],"public":[22,94,158],"address.":[24],"Traversing":[25],"NAT":[27,70],"device":[28,77],"remains":[29],"challenge":[31],"for":[32,105,136],"wide":[34],"range":[35],"of":[36,46,188],"applications":[37],"such":[38],"as":[39],"Voice":[40],"over":[41],"(VoIP)":[43],"and":[44,80,89,97,119,130,157,163,193,198],"Things":[47],"(IoT).":[48],"The":[49,178],"Port":[50],"Control":[51],"Protocol":[52],"(PCP)":[53],"relatively":[56],"new":[57],"protocol":[58],"standardized":[59],"Engineering":[63],"Task":[64],"Force":[65],"(IETF)":[66],"solve":[68],"traversal":[71],"issues.":[72],"It":[73],"allows":[74],"NATed":[76,151],"request":[79],"manage":[81],"mapping":[83],"between":[84],"its":[85],"address":[88,96],"transport-layer":[90],"port":[91],"port.":[98],"As":[99],"PCP":[100,155],"requires":[101],"an":[102],"application-dependent":[103],"distributing":[106,117,137],"mappings":[108,156,171],"remote":[110],"hosts,":[111],"several":[112],"attacks":[113],"can":[114,166,191,199],"target":[115],"server":[118],"render":[120],"communication":[122],"channel":[123],"vulnerable.":[124],"In":[125],"this":[126],"paper,":[127],"we":[128],"propose":[129],"implement":[131],"decentralized":[133],"Blockchain-based":[134],"approach":[135],"PCP-mappings,":[138],"enabling":[139],"secure":[140,175,194],"end-to-end":[141,174,195],"(e2e)":[142],"direct":[143,176,196],"communications":[144],"without":[145],"any":[146],"trusted":[147],"third":[148],"party":[149],"server.":[150],"register":[153],"their":[154],"keys":[159],"into":[160],"Blockchain,":[162],"other":[164],"peers":[165],"then":[167],"learn":[168],"about":[169],"these":[170],"establish":[173],"communications.":[177],"implementation":[179],"verifies":[180],"system":[183],"feasible":[185],"in":[186],"terms":[187],"transactions":[189],"fees,":[190],"simplify":[192],"communications,":[197],"interwork":[200],"conventional":[202],"security":[203],"methods.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}