{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2967485853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2933645","title":"A Superpixel-Wise Approach for Face Sketch Synthesis","display_name":"A Superpixel-Wise Approach for Face Sketch Synthesis","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2967485853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2933645","mag":"2967485853"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2933645","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2933645","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08790701.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08790701.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049343215","display_name":"Abduljalil Radman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6317-9752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abduljalil Radman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Biometric Group, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6317-9752","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Biometric Group, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064121601","display_name":"Shahrel Azmin Suandi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9980-7426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahrel Azmin Suandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Biometric Group, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9980-7426","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Biometric Group, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.711,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75188953,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"108838","last_page":"108849"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch","display_name":"Sketch","score":0.9570342898368835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7746336460113525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6514170169830322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6067260503768921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.48357242345809937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.46261221170425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.45740675926208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.4549512267112732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch-recognition","display_name":"Sketch recognition","score":0.4228576719760895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3902775049209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1612357199192047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1372775435447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.08432522416114807}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.9570342898368835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7746336460113525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6514170169830322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6067260503768921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48357242345809937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.46261221170425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.45740675926208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.4549512267112732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132900626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534733","display_name":"Sketch recognition","level":4,"score":0.4228576719760895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3902775049209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1612357199192047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1372775435447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.08432522416114807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2933645","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2933645","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08790701.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2aefc7ef02544176a91e02e69b829161","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2aefc7ef02544176a91e02e69b829161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 108838-108849 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2933645","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2933645","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08790701.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7717881315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1001/PELECT/8014056","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322757","funder_display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322757","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2967485853.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2967485853.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W97858523","https://openalex.org/W937255976","https://openalex.org/W1527240141","https://openalex.org/W1972006393","https://openalex.org/W1980093854","https://openalex.org/W1981902088","https://openalex.org/W2024668293","https://openalex.org/W2027922120","https://openalex.org/W2034136097","https://openalex.org/W2041108420","https://openalex.org/W2043006496","https://openalex.org/W2044655004","https://openalex.org/W2047653599","https://openalex.org/W2054210502","https://openalex.org/W2058150706","https://openalex.org/W2109509158","https://openalex.org/W2117033808","https://openalex.org/W2118246710","https://openalex.org/W2119990023","https://openalex.org/W2124750300","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2141983208","https://openalex.org/W2153288431","https://openalex.org/W2183595887","https://openalex.org/W2295333486","https://openalex.org/W2342673479","https://openalex.org/W2344899809","https://openalex.org/W2436544366","https://openalex.org/W2570189907","https://openalex.org/W2583409927","https://openalex.org/W2588361969","https://openalex.org/W2611646129","https://openalex.org/W2619170298","https://openalex.org/W2626578807","https://openalex.org/W2788383462","https://openalex.org/W2799839429","https://openalex.org/W2884676015","https://openalex.org/W2890536896","https://openalex.org/W2890764008","https://openalex.org/W2891833067","https://openalex.org/W2895205756","https://openalex.org/W2900329835","https://openalex.org/W2962931900","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W6631618440","https://openalex.org/W6635552349","https://openalex.org/W6676467396","https://openalex.org/W6677516346"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2294900353","https://openalex.org/W2411243951","https://openalex.org/W2151314278","https://openalex.org/W13629514","https://openalex.org/W1971224820","https://openalex.org/W2963977451","https://openalex.org/W2098836165","https://openalex.org/W1976890290","https://openalex.org/W4205183227","https://openalex.org/W3131224690"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0],"sketch":[1,33,39,71,112,138,157,160,211],"synthesis":[2,201],"from":[3,140,158],"an":[4],"input":[5,20,127,176,190],"photo":[6,21,128,191],"has":[7],"drawn":[8],"great":[9],"attention":[10],"in":[11,48,65],"law":[12],"enforcement":[13],"and":[14,29,113,192,205],"digital":[15],"entertainment":[16],"applications.":[17],"Currently,":[18],"the":[19,42,49,61,69,78,90,95,107,121,126,141,155,164,189,193,219,223],"is":[22,103,129,146,181],"simply":[23],"divided":[24],"into":[25,94,131],"overlapped":[26,132,165],"rectangular":[27],"patches":[28,44],"transformed":[30],"to":[31,46,59,67,105,134,149,153,217,228],"a":[32,85,178,199],"through":[34],"weighted":[35],"average":[36],"of":[37,51,110,120,222],"corresponding":[38,70,137],"patches.":[40],"However,":[41],"regular":[43],"lead":[45],"defects":[47],"structure":[50,109],"synthesized":[52,111],"sketch.":[53],"In":[54,82],"addition,":[55],"existing":[56],"methods":[57],"need":[58],"cross":[60],"whole":[62],"training":[63,80,122,142,194],"dataset":[64,123],"order":[66],"collect":[68],"patches,":[72],"which":[73],"limits":[74],"their":[75,136],"usability":[76],"with":[77,162],"big":[79],"datasets.":[81],"this":[83],"paper,":[84],"superpixel-wise":[86],"approach":[87],"based":[88,183],"on":[89,184,208],"Superpixel":[91],"technique":[92],"incorporated":[93],"Locality-constraint":[96],"Linear":[97],"Coding":[98],"(LLC),":[99],"termed":[100],"as":[101],"SuperLLC,":[102],"proposed":[104,224],"enhance":[106],"facial":[108,185],"simultaneously":[114],"maintain":[115],"fixed":[116],"computational":[117],"complexity":[118],"regardless":[119],"size.":[124],"First,":[125],"segmented":[130],"superpixels":[133,139],"find":[135],"dataset.":[143],"The":[144],"LLC":[145],"then":[147],"imposed":[148],"regularize":[150],"proper":[151],"weights":[152],"reconstruct":[154],"target":[156],"these":[159],"superpixels,":[161],"averaging":[163],"areas":[166],"between":[167,188],"adjacent":[168],"superpixels.":[169],"But":[170],"before":[171],"all":[172],"these,":[173],"for":[174],"each":[175],"photo,":[177],"sub-training":[179],"set":[180],"selected":[182],"landmarks":[186],"distance":[187],"photos":[195],"set.":[196],"This":[197],"insures":[198],"steady":[200],"process.":[202],"Both":[203],"subjective":[204],"objective":[206],"experiments":[207],"public":[209],"face":[210],"databases":[212],"are":[213],"finally":[214],"carried":[215],"out":[216],"reveal":[218],"superior":[220],"performance":[221],"SuperLLC":[225],"method":[226],"compared":[227],"state-of-the-art":[229],"methods.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
