{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2941386038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2933470","title":"Artificial Neural Network for LiDAL Systems","display_name":"Artificial Neural Network for LiDAL Systems","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2941386038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2933470","mag":"2941386038"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2933470","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2933470","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08789424.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08789424.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066437071","display_name":"Aubida A. Al\u2010Hameed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5670-9463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aubida A. Al-Hameed","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5670-9463","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076166577","display_name":"Safwan Hafeedh Younus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5528-0802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Safwan Hafeedh Younus","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5528-0802","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073464620","display_name":"Ahmed Taha Hussein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2519-082X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Taha Hussein","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053611068","display_name":"Mohammed T. Alresheedi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Thamer Alresheedi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088539425","display_name":"Jaafar M. H. Elmirghani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3319-9103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaafar M. H. Elmirghani","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3319-9103","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02753415,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"109427","last_page":"109438"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.7610067129135132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7462615966796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5443874597549438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5436269044876099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5116413235664368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5029653906822205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4172239601612091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36126571893692017}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.7610067129135132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7462615966796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5443874597549438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5436269044876099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5116413235664368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5029653906822205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4172239601612091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36126571893692017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2933470","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2933470","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08789424.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:149468","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1904.12687","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.12687","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.12687","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2941386038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.12687.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fe0abc2a1c0d48b0825a24720ba1bc2d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fe0abc2a1c0d48b0825a24720ba1bc2d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 109427-109438 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1904.12687","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.12687","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.33560.85763","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.13140/rg.2.2.33560.85763","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2933470","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2933470","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08789424.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1301389261","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/S016570/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1393874848","display_name":"SwiTching And tRansmission (STAR)","funder_award_id":"EP/K016873/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2223494912","display_name":"Terabit Bidirectional Multi-user Optical Wireless System (TOWS) for 6G LiFi","funder_award_id":"EP/S016570/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3913854943","display_name":"INTelligent Energy awaRe NETworks (INTERNET)","funder_award_id":"EP/H040536/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5616476300","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ISPP#0093","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","funder_display_name":"King Saud University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6002839104","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/H040536/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318976","display_name":"University of Mosul","ror":"https://ror.org/039cf4q47"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326118","display_name":"Higher Committee for Education Development in Iraq","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338071","display_name":"Institute of Population and Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04dh0w640"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2941386038.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2941386038.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W287566640","https://openalex.org/W293606420","https://openalex.org/W615858577","https://openalex.org/W1480271041","https://openalex.org/W1593511620","https://openalex.org/W1605708511","https://openalex.org/W1825077972","https://openalex.org/W1964354889","https://openalex.org/W1967919963","https://openalex.org/W1984649364","https://openalex.org/W2002621213","https://openalex.org/W2019282798","https://openalex.org/W2022591176","https://openalex.org/W2027781082","https://openalex.org/W2050304483","https://openalex.org/W2055548259","https://openalex.org/W2062463137","https://openalex.org/W2063605977","https://openalex.org/W2080780623","https://openalex.org/W2087070363","https://openalex.org/W2092587014","https://openalex.org/W2093103229","https://openalex.org/W2104352549","https://openalex.org/W2105304725","https://openalex.org/W2107482124","https://openalex.org/W2109805636","https://openalex.org/W2116490588","https://openalex.org/W2121274305","https://openalex.org/W2124520030","https://openalex.org/W2132758145","https://openalex.org/W2138267128","https://openalex.org/W2152039411","https://openalex.org/W2163670414","https://openalex.org/W2169620836","https://openalex.org/W2172000360","https://openalex.org/W2180748755","https://openalex.org/W2185119089","https://openalex.org/W2259161259","https://openalex.org/W2292552887","https://openalex.org/W2294612870","https://openalex.org/W2342924801","https://openalex.org/W2379838048","https://openalex.org/W2403167913","https://openalex.org/W2488544472","https://openalex.org/W2509933290","https://openalex.org/W2518316169","https://openalex.org/W2549607224","https://openalex.org/W2749750670","https://openalex.org/W2793091350","https://openalex.org/W2956096430","https://openalex.org/W4213214284","https://openalex.org/W6628670302","https://openalex.org/W6680234251","https://openalex.org/W6692499888","https://openalex.org/W6704645551"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2966270492","https://openalex.org/W2619548822","https://openalex.org/W1531158029","https://openalex.org/W2910501433","https://openalex.org/W2979334546","https://openalex.org/W1582630066","https://openalex.org/W2968627699","https://openalex.org/W3118853248","https://openalex.org/W2050308670","https://openalex.org/W2519081221","https://openalex.org/W2970670564","https://openalex.org/W2797320138","https://openalex.org/W3006247566","https://openalex.org/W2068730996","https://openalex.org/W3036975756","https://openalex.org/W3129638943","https://openalex.org/W2765803044","https://openalex.org/W2972488529","https://openalex.org/W2077858894","https://openalex.org/W2895401037"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,58],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"introduce":[4],"an":[5,83],"intelligent":[6],"light":[7],"detection":[8],"and":[9,27,79,126],"localization":[10],"(LiDAL)":[11],"system":[12,38],"that":[13,120],"uses":[14],"artificial":[15],"neural":[16,118],"networks":[17],"(ANN).":[18],"The":[19,86,158],"LiDAL":[20,26,30,37,60,113,159],"systems":[21,160],"of":[22,39,77,97,148],"interest":[23,40],"are":[24,108,163],"MIMO":[25],"MISO":[28],"IMG":[29],"systems.":[31,114],"A":[32],"trained":[33,117],"ANN":[34,162],"with":[35,89,161],"the":[36,49,59,62,67,75,100,104,122,128,134,137,146],"is":[41],"used":[42],"to":[43,74,124],"distinguish":[44,133],"a":[45,54,95,116,141,166],"human":[46],"(target)":[47],"from":[48,110,136,154],"background":[50,90,138],"obstacles":[51,91,139,156],"(furniture)":[52,92],"in":[53,66,82,99,112,140,165],"realistic":[55,142,167],"indoor":[56,84,87,168],"environment.":[57,85],"systems,":[61],"received":[63,129],"reflected":[64,109],"signals":[65,107],"time":[68,101],"domain":[69,102],"have":[70],"different":[71],"patterns":[72,98,131],"corresponding":[73],"number":[76],"targets":[78,135,149],"their":[80],"locations":[81],"environment":[88,169],"appears":[93],"as":[94],"set":[96],"when":[103],"transmitted":[105],"optical":[106],"objects":[111],"Hence,":[115],"network":[119],"has":[121],"ability":[123],"classify":[125],"recognize":[127],"signal":[130],"can":[132],"environment,":[143],"especially":[144],"given":[145],"mobility":[147],"(humans)":[150],"which":[151],"distinguishes":[152],"them":[153],"static":[155],"(furniture).":[157],"evaluated":[164],"through":[170],"computer":[171],"simulation.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
