{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2965864272","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2932729","title":"A Difference-Based Local Contrast Method for Infrared Small Target Detection Under Complex Background","display_name":"A Difference-Based Local Contrast Method for Infrared Small Target Detection Under Complex Background","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2965864272","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2932729","mag":"2965864272"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2932729","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2932729","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08786095.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08786095.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100702866","display_name":"Kai Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1188-2120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037028903","display_name":"Ke Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6617-9558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Micro/Nano-Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Micro/Nano-Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051363614","display_name":"Shaoyi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6861-1391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoyi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6861-1391","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030264455","display_name":"Hai\u2010Bao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7046-3455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai-Bao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Micro/Nano-Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7046-3455","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Micro/Nano-Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":26.9827,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99107172,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"105503","last_page":"105513"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.7467352151870728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7253791093826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.7025810480117798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6883497834205627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-false-alarm-rate","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","score":0.6466619968414307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared","display_name":"Infrared","score":0.6294852495193481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5757343173027039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5499840974807739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-rate","display_name":"False positive rate","score":0.48115384578704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45334362983703613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4229016602039337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.10243245959281921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08596101403236389}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.7467352151870728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7253791093826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.7025810480117798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6883497834205627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.6466619968414307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.6294852495193481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5757343173027039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5499840974807739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95922358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432725","display_name":"False positive rate","level":2,"score":0.48115384578704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45334362983703613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4229016602039337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.10243245959281921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08596101403236389}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2932729","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2932729","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08786095.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b5e8b5e10dbd47628e0c5397f04f22db","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b5e8b5e10dbd47628e0c5397f04f22db","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 105503-105513 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2932729","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2932729","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08786095.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7717514081","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61703337","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8087819952","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SAST2017-082","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311020","funder_display_name":"Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8176087850","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SAST2017-082","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311020","display_name":"Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01z8tr155"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2965864272.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2965864272.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W265519738","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536175054","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1977574713","https://openalex.org/W1978993121","https://openalex.org/W2006262236","https://openalex.org/W2041560658","https://openalex.org/W2048643133","https://openalex.org/W2049769803","https://openalex.org/W2058795991","https://openalex.org/W2058928435","https://openalex.org/W2067173181","https://openalex.org/W2080197848","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2112283208","https://openalex.org/W2117092649","https://openalex.org/W2117675177","https://openalex.org/W2118444218","https://openalex.org/W2146611287","https://openalex.org/W2171275382","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2314761069","https://openalex.org/W2579985080","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2790021535","https://openalex.org/W2790555938","https://openalex.org/W2799991397","https://openalex.org/W2898095763","https://openalex.org/W2950800384","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6714138976","https://openalex.org/W6732243160"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983393909","https://openalex.org/W2040150569","https://openalex.org/W2468095590","https://openalex.org/W2132174924","https://openalex.org/W1911540634","https://openalex.org/W2013909972","https://openalex.org/W2904808447","https://openalex.org/W2280598164","https://openalex.org/W2993555267","https://openalex.org/W4388425184"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Infrared":[0],"small":[1,40,138],"target":[2,41,131,139,177],"detection":[3,42,67,114,155,163],"under":[4,43,170],"complex":[5,44,171],"background":[6,45,172,180],"is":[7,46,62,74,85,102,126,147],"of":[8,14,31,36,90],"great":[9,152],"significance":[10],"in":[11,176],"the":[12,66,106,113,118,130,144,184],"field":[13],"remote":[15,20],"sensing,":[16,21],"such":[17],"as":[18],"optical":[19],"infrared":[22,25,37,39,81,137],"precise":[23],"guidance,":[24],"surveillance,":[26],"and":[27,33,48,80,116,149,165,179],"night":[28],"navigation.":[29],"Because":[30],"low-contrast":[32],"complex-background":[34],"clutters":[35],"images,":[38],"difficult":[47],"has":[49],"a":[50,57,70,88,93,161],"serious":[51],"false":[52,119,167],"alarm.":[53],"In":[54],"this":[55],"paper,":[56],"difference-based":[58,94],"local":[59,95],"contrast":[60,96,100],"method":[61,146,158],"proposed":[63,145],"to":[64,76,128,154],"improve":[65,112],"performance.":[68],"First,":[69],"median":[71],"filtering":[72,84],"process":[73],"used":[75,127],"reduce":[77,117],"pixel-sized":[78],"noises,":[79],"image":[82,140],"after":[83],"divided":[86],"into":[87],"series":[89],"sub-images.":[91],"Then,":[92],"measure":[97],"based":[98],"on":[99,134],"mechanism":[101],"calculated":[103],"for":[104],"generating":[105],"saliency":[107],"map,":[108],"which":[109],"can":[110,159],"exceedingly":[111],"rate":[115,164,169],"alarm":[120,168],"rate.":[121],"Eventually,":[122],"an":[123],"adaptive":[124],"threshold":[125],"extract":[129],"sub-image.":[132],"Experiments":[133],"five":[135],"real":[136],"datasets":[141],"show":[142],"that":[143],"robust":[148],"effective":[150],"with":[151,173,183],"respect":[153],"accuracy.":[156],"Our":[157],"achieve":[160],"higher":[162],"lower":[166],"better":[174],"performance":[175],"enhancement":[178],"suppression":[181],"compared":[182],"traditional":[185],"algorithms.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
