{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2965635832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2932123","title":"Grating Lobe Suppression of Non-Uniform Arrays Based on Position Gradient and Sigmoid Function","display_name":"Grating Lobe Suppression of Non-Uniform Arrays Based on Position Gradient and Sigmoid Function","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2965635832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2932123","mag":"2965635832"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2932123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2932123","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08782093.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08782093.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030967184","display_name":"Xiaomin Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0415-750X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaomin Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electromagnetics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0415-750X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electromagnetics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023311311","display_name":"Cheng Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1756-4182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electromagnetics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electromagnetics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101491248","display_name":"Liang Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7644-6453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electromagnetics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electromagnetics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012027271","display_name":"Fan Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5125-384X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electromagnetics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electromagnetics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030967184"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":16.5427,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98460303,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"106407","last_page":"106416"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sigmoid-function","display_name":"Sigmoid function","score":0.8586727380752563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grating","display_name":"Grating","score":0.6548132300376892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.6276822090148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4909982979297638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4168747663497925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-lobe","display_name":"Side lobe","score":0.415036141872406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36511462926864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3172905445098877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18179810047149658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1259046196937561}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81388566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q526668","display_name":"Sigmoid function","level":3,"score":0.8586727380752563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777813233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1527816","display_name":"Grating","level":2,"score":0.6548132300376892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.6276822090148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4909982979297638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4168747663497925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181856588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2040092","display_name":"Side lobe","level":3,"score":0.415036141872406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36511462926864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3172905445098877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18179810047149658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1259046196937561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2932123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2932123","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08782093.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c43798dbbc0a455d988555c0b971c5cd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c43798dbbc0a455d988555c0b971c5cd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 106407-106416 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2932123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2932123","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08782093.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2755606950","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61771407","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2965635832.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2965635832.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557169809","https://openalex.org/W1896727441","https://openalex.org/W1986928176","https://openalex.org/W1989673628","https://openalex.org/W1993545811","https://openalex.org/W2047371708","https://openalex.org/W2075169970","https://openalex.org/W2094077765","https://openalex.org/W2096086255","https://openalex.org/W2106400551","https://openalex.org/W2111286360","https://openalex.org/W2112043466","https://openalex.org/W2278994635","https://openalex.org/W2337855400","https://openalex.org/W2462965323","https://openalex.org/W2475794572","https://openalex.org/W2506622670","https://openalex.org/W2582815032","https://openalex.org/W2617752973","https://openalex.org/W2783358670","https://openalex.org/W2800036177","https://openalex.org/W2810470610","https://openalex.org/W2909052916"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385957115","https://openalex.org/W2061372042","https://openalex.org/W3047779762","https://openalex.org/W1520030019","https://openalex.org/W2071654592","https://openalex.org/W2088157920","https://openalex.org/W4283785902","https://openalex.org/W4313324256","https://openalex.org/W2367088048","https://openalex.org/W3137729713"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"super-multivariate":[1],"optimization":[2,146,162,166],"algorithm":[3,33,170,179],"is":[4,24,79,154,172,182,199],"proposed":[5,40,178,211,224],"to":[6,27,90],"suppress":[7],"the":[8,92,118,123,130,140,177,190,210,216,220,223],"grating":[9,43],"lobes":[10],"(GLs)":[11],"of":[12,19,35,37,51,94,101,106,132,143,176,222],"non-uniform":[13],"arrays.":[14],"For":[15],"position-only":[16],"variable":[17],"cases":[18],"any":[20],"huge":[21],"array,":[22],"it":[23],"always":[25],"difficult":[26],"deal":[28],"with":[29,61,75,160],"by":[30,47,59],"using":[31,185,209],"clustering":[32,145],"because":[34],"thousands":[36],"variables.":[38],"The":[39,174,213],"method":[41],"achieves":[42],"lobe":[44],"suppression":[45],"(GLS)":[46],"taking":[48],"position":[49,78],"gradient":[50,72,124,169],"dynamic":[52],"maximum":[53],"GL":[54],"and":[55,88,111,156,168,218],"obtaining":[56],"phase":[57],"difference":[58],"comparing":[60],"every":[62],"element,":[63],"which":[64,138],"requires":[65],"only":[66],"precious":[67],"few":[68],"extra":[69],"computations.":[70],"When":[71],"function":[73,84],"varying":[74],"each":[76,99,115],"element":[77,96],"established,":[80],"an":[81],"appropriate":[82],"sigmoid":[83],"will":[85],"be":[86],"introduced":[87],"used":[89],"control":[91],"magnitude":[93],"small":[95],"displacement.":[97],"After":[98],"generation":[100],"element-movement":[102],"operation,":[103],"electric":[104],"field":[105],"all":[107],"elements":[108],"are":[109],"superimposed":[110],"partially":[112],"cancelled":[113],"out":[114],"other":[116],"in":[117],"target":[119],"direction.":[120],"In":[121,148,189],"addition,":[122],"computing":[125],"does":[126],"not":[127],"significantly":[128],"increase":[129],"cost":[131,142],"total":[133],"computation":[134],"under":[135],"multi-variable":[136],"conditions,":[137],"avoids":[139],"unacceptable":[141],"conventional":[144],"algorithm.":[147,212,225],"this":[149],"paper,":[150],"a":[151,157,186,192,202],"16\u00d716-element":[152],"array":[153,194],"optimized,":[155],"result":[158],"comparison":[159],"random":[161],"(RO),":[163],"particle":[164],"swarm":[165],"(PSO),":[167],"(GA)":[171],"present.":[173],"validity":[175],"for":[180,201],"GLS":[181],"verified":[183],"through":[184],"100\u00d7100-element":[187],"array.":[188],"final,":[191],"large":[193],"antenna":[195],"based":[196],"on":[197],"subarrays":[198],"optimized":[200],"low":[203],"sidelobe":[204],"level":[205],"(SLL)":[206],"below":[207],"-20dB":[208],"results":[214],"meet":[215],"requirements":[217],"show":[219],"effectiveness":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
