{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2966127210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2931984","title":"Estimating Zenith Tropospheric Delay Based on GPT2w Model","display_name":"Estimating Zenith Tropospheric Delay Based on GPT2w Model","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2966127210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2931984","mag":"2966127210"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2931984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2931984","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08782517.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08782517.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100766437","display_name":"Zan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2447-4270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104252","display_name":"Air Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00seraz22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University (AFEU), Xi\u2019an, China","Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University (AFEU), Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University (AFEU), Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University (AFEU), Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074986881","display_name":"Xihong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0597-5993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104252","display_name":"Air Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00seraz22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xihong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University (AFEU), Xi\u2019an, China","Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University (AFEU), Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University (AFEU), Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University (AFEU), Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409542","display_name":"Qiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-1443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104252","display_name":"Air Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00seraz22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University (AFEU), Xi\u2019an, China","Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University (AFEU), Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University (AFEU), Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University (AFEU), Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100766437"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.5143,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96451696,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"139258","last_page":"139263"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zenith","display_name":"Zenith","score":0.9492301940917969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/troposphere","display_name":"Troposphere","score":0.8210917711257935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7101721167564392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lapse-rate","display_name":"Lapse rate","score":0.6619751453399658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6577209234237671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/longitude","display_name":"Longitude","score":0.5757734179496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.5497364401817322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.5383386015892029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latitude","display_name":"Latitude","score":0.4837651252746582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-model","display_name":"Atmospheric model","score":0.4276151955127716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.4273439645767212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.358765184879303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3269042372703552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.2572121024131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.17599037289619446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.17591074109077454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08765241503715515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.08048117160797119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.06035470962524414}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53970728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82806","display_name":"Zenith","level":2,"score":0.9492301940917969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9075549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40631","display_name":"Troposphere","level":2,"score":0.8210917711257935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7101721167564392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186816422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66900467","display_name":"Lapse rate","level":2,"score":0.6619751453399658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6577209234237671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780554747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36477","display_name":"Longitude","level":3,"score":0.5757734179496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.5497364401817322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5383386015892029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122523270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34027","display_name":"Latitude","level":2,"score":0.4837651252746582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.4276151955127716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.4273439645767212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.358765184879303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3269042372703552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.2572121024131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.17599037289619446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.17591074109077454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08765241503715515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.08048117160797119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.06035470962524414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2931984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2931984","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08782517.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c7d073ebaf0645f6b4f21ba4daf73a92","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c7d073ebaf0645f6b4f21ba4daf73a92","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 139258-139263 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2931984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2931984","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08782517.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2724472712","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61701525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G37568934","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2966127210.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2966127210.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975017444","https://openalex.org/W1976870077","https://openalex.org/W1983985357","https://openalex.org/W2013553147","https://openalex.org/W2025626286","https://openalex.org/W2081182187","https://openalex.org/W2151975955","https://openalex.org/W2527863126","https://openalex.org/W2604232120","https://openalex.org/W2615984662","https://openalex.org/W2761103136","https://openalex.org/W2899528992","https://openalex.org/W4243100138"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000020747","https://openalex.org/W1990218305","https://openalex.org/W2013205273","https://openalex.org/W4312858480","https://openalex.org/W2464306678","https://openalex.org/W2550466340","https://openalex.org/W2966127210","https://openalex.org/W2103513839","https://openalex.org/W1611945558","https://openalex.org/W1979432843"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"precisely":[1],"and":[2,16,21,48,119],"conveniently":[3],"estimate":[4],"zenith":[5,35],"tropospheric":[6],"delay":[7],"(ZTD),":[8],"troposphere":[9],"refractivity":[10,32],"is":[11,26,56,85,99],"deduced":[12],"through":[13],"global":[14],"pressure":[15],"temperature":[17],"2w":[18],"(GPT2w)":[19],"model":[20],"surface":[22,38,46,77],"meteorology":[23,47],"devices,":[24],"ZTD":[25],"estimated":[27,52],"based":[28],"on":[29],"integration":[30],"of":[31,95],"in":[33,62],"the":[34,63,82,96,104,110],"direction.":[36],"When":[37],"meteorological":[39,78],"measurements":[40],"are":[41,51,80],"absent,":[42],"all":[43],"parameters":[44,79],"including":[45],"lapse":[49],"rate":[50],"by":[53,87,101],"GPT2w.":[54],"Validation":[55],"carried":[57],"out":[58],"using":[59],"observed":[60],"data":[61],"year":[64],"2012":[65],"at":[66],"8":[67],"international":[68],"GNSS":[69],"service":[70],"(IGS)":[71],"stations.":[72],"Results":[73],"indicate":[74],"that":[75],"when":[76],"available,":[81],"annual":[83,93],"accuracy":[84],"improved":[86],"27%":[88],"than":[89,103],"Saastamoinen":[90],"model.":[91,106],"Meanwhile,":[92],"bias":[94,111],"other":[97],"scheme":[98],"decreased":[100],"21%":[102],"GPT2w+Saastamoinen":[105],"For":[107],"most":[108],"stations,":[109],"shows":[112],"seasonal":[113],"characteristics,":[114],"high":[115,117],"elevation,":[116],"longitude":[118],"low":[120],"latitude":[121],"can":[122],"bring":[123],"less":[124],"bias.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}