{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963372888","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2931074","title":"A Deep-Learning-Based Multiple Defect Detection Method for Tunnel Lining Damages","display_name":"A Deep-Learning-Based Multiple Defect Detection Method for Tunnel Lining Damages","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963372888","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2931074","mag":"2963372888"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2931074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2931074","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08772075.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08772075.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103208359","display_name":"Yanan Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3296-0754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanan Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100378631","display_name":"Jing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0071-2131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Changjiang Geophysical Exploration and Testing Company Ltd., Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Changjiang Geophysical Exploration and Testing Company Ltd., Wuhan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101774827","display_name":"Zhengfang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2675-329X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengfang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100696226","display_name":"Xiao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0824-9284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101726786","display_name":"Yuan Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5351-6922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102020324","display_name":"Qingmei Sui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7045-3967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingmei Sui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091117089","display_name":"Peng Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7342-7940"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109718","display_name":"Shandong Transportation Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01wcts620","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109718"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Qilu Transportation, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Qilu Transportation, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109718","https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103208359"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.001,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96218694,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"182643","last_page":"182657"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12482","display_name":"Tunneling and Rock Mechanics","score":0.9837999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spall","display_name":"Spall","score":0.722815215587616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6761007308959961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/damages","display_name":"Damages","score":0.49548494815826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44845953583717346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4384883642196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.42891770601272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.42775803804397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3861599266529083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.3182322680950165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.16758191585540771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16381976008415222}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64355373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1024411","display_name":"Spall","level":2,"score":0.722815215587616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6761007308959961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777381055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308922","display_name":"Damages","level":2,"score":0.49548494815826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44845953583717346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4384883642196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.42891770601272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.42775803804397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3861599266529083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.3182322680950165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.16758191585540771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16381976008415222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2931074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2931074","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08772075.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:03b6451694024efa9e3eae68b5a39ee7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/03b6451694024efa9e3eae68b5a39ee7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 182643-182657 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2931074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2931074","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08772075.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1023919524","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1991553441","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5173900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2174962104","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51739007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3238016531","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18062","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G37568934","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020255992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G574195852","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41602292","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7651860518","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1806226","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2963372888.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2963372888.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1920794317","https://openalex.org/W1925745898","https://openalex.org/W1964573040","https://openalex.org/W1989797264","https://openalex.org/W1996794844","https://openalex.org/W2015822199","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2091149439","https://openalex.org/W2137160061","https://openalex.org/W2138014601","https://openalex.org/W2242707865","https://openalex.org/W2401070136","https://openalex.org/W2471813465","https://openalex.org/W2588612844","https://openalex.org/W2597068387","https://openalex.org/W2598457882","https://openalex.org/W2604262106","https://openalex.org/W2609077090","https://openalex.org/W2737850527","https://openalex.org/W2765854388","https://openalex.org/W2792249564","https://openalex.org/W2796506861","https://openalex.org/W2798655820","https://openalex.org/W2801439730","https://openalex.org/W2908667960","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963468256","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W4238135616","https://openalex.org/W6648029640","https://openalex.org/W6751109594"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3212215378","https://openalex.org/W1971162894","https://openalex.org/W1990599645","https://openalex.org/W2071916201","https://openalex.org/W2091223167","https://openalex.org/W4306407216","https://openalex.org/W2529865991","https://openalex.org/W2369043141","https://openalex.org/W2841733056","https://openalex.org/W2060530202"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diagnosing":[0],"tunnel":[1,10,241],"lining":[2],"structural":[3],"damages":[4,153,200],"is":[5,18],"vital":[6],"to":[7,22,83,94,107,126,202],"ensure":[8],"safe":[9],"operations.":[11],"However,":[12],"the":[13,23,55,59,72,96,99,104,108,113,118,128,131,146,162,166,180,234],"detection":[14,192,236],"of":[15,98,130,143,148,179,188,237],"multiple":[16,35,56,190,238],"defect":[17,36,57,191,239],"challenging":[19],"task":[20],"due":[21],"size":[24,100],"imbalance":[25,101],"between":[26],"cracks,":[27],"spalling,":[28],"and":[29,47,80,111,151,159,165,177,204,210,216,220],"backgrounds.":[30],"Currently,":[31],"deep-learning-based":[32],"methods":[33],"for":[34,233],"are":[37],"dependent":[38],"on":[39,117],"multiple-stage":[40],"networks,":[41,64],"which":[42,70],"have":[43],"limited":[44],"their":[45],"scalability":[46],"complex":[48],"frame":[49],"working":[50],"processes.":[51],"To":[52],"accurately":[53,144],"recognize":[54],"at":[58],"pixel-level":[60],"using":[61],"only":[62],"one-stage":[63],"a":[65,76],"new":[66],"method":[67,140,164,169,182],"was":[68,81,92,115,141],"proposed,":[69],"integrated":[71],"basic":[73,167,224],"SegNet":[74,168],"with":[75,198,213,223],"focal":[77,89],"loss":[78,90],"function,":[79],"referred":[82],"as":[84],"an":[85,230],"FL-SegNet":[86,139,181],"method.":[87],"The":[88,134,173],"function":[91],"adopted":[93],"address":[95],"problem":[97],"by":[102,207,218],"down-weighing":[103],"losses":[105],"assigned":[106],"well-classified":[109],"samples,":[110],"then":[112],"training":[114],"focused":[116],"hard":[119],"samples.":[120],"Furthermore,":[121],"comparative":[122],"experiments":[123],"were":[124,183],"performed":[125],"evaluate":[127],"performances":[129],"different":[132,195],"methods.":[133],"experimental":[135],"results":[136],"demonstrated":[137],"that":[138],"capable":[142],"predicting":[145],"profiles":[147],"small-sized":[149,199],"cracks":[150],"overlapping":[152],"even":[154],"under":[155],"various":[156],"noise":[157],"conditions,":[158],"successfully":[160],"outperformed":[161],"two-stream":[163,214],"in":[170,194,240],"this":[171,227],"regard.":[172],"performance":[174],"metrics":[175],"(MPA":[176],"MIoU)":[178],"significantly":[184],"higher":[185],"than":[186],"those":[187],"other":[189],"approaches":[193],"scenarios":[196],"(images":[197],"attained":[201],"81.53%":[203],"69.86%,":[205],"increased":[206,217],"11.99":[208],"%":[209],"4.88%":[211],"compared":[212,222],"method,":[215],"17.78%":[219],"7.69%":[221],"SegNet).":[225],"Therefore,":[226],"paper":[228],"provides":[229],"effective":[231],"solution":[232],"future":[235],"linings.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}