{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2961116293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2927661","title":"Laser Welding Quality Monitoring via Graph Support Vector Machine With Data Adaptive Kernel","display_name":"Laser Welding Quality Monitoring via Graph Support Vector Machine With Data Adaptive Kernel","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2961116293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2927661","mag":"2961116293"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2927661","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2927661","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08758117.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08758117.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044837930","display_name":"Sergey Shevchik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0073-3450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71824836","display_name":"Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02x681a42","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sergey A. Shevchik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Thun, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Thun, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014619710","display_name":"Tri Le\u2010Quang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7129-5393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71824836","display_name":"Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02x681a42","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tri Le-Quang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Thun, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Thun, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063908806","display_name":"Farzad Vakili Farahani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71824836","display_name":"Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02x681a42","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farzad Vakili Farahani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Thun, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Thun, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002213865","display_name":"Neige Faivre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2213-251X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71824836","display_name":"Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02x681a42","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neige Faivre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Thun, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Thun, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079637651","display_name":"Bastian Meylan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7241-4198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71824836","display_name":"Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02x681a42","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bastian Meylan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Thun, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Thun, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017443769","display_name":"Silvio Zanoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0316-1657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71824836","display_name":"Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02x681a42","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silvio Zanoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Thun, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Thun, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081321181","display_name":"Kilian Wasmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3294-3244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71824836","display_name":"Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02x681a42","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kilian Wasmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Thun, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Thun, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044837930"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71824836"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1599,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1724},"fwci":4.5803,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95199468,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"93108","last_page":"93122"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10834","display_name":"Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10834","display_name":"Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11856","display_name":"Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/welding","display_name":"Welding","score":0.7332040071487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-beam-welding","display_name":"Laser beam welding","score":0.620053768157959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5862001776695251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.571808397769928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.532227098941803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.5052564740180969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.42644521594047546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3658442497253418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35505980253219604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.3281296491622925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2450832724571228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15129905939102173}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19474535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131172","display_name":"Welding","level":2,"score":0.7332040071487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89344249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937468","display_name":"Laser beam welding","level":3,"score":0.620053768157959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5862001776695251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.571808397769928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.532227098941803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.5052564740180969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.42644521594047546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3658442497253418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35505980253219604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3281296491622925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2450832724571228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15129905939102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2927661","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2927661","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08758117.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ea8e37c7dc2748c19d4064c45c10a425","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ea8e37c7dc2748c19d4064c45c10a425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 93108-93122 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dora:empa_19605","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/empa/islandora/object/empa%3A19605","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401298","display_name":"DORA Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71824836","host_organization_name":"Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71824836"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2927661","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2927661","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08758117.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321674","display_name":"Eidgen\u00f6ssische Materialpr\u00fcfungs- und Forschungsanstalt","ror":"https://ror.org/02x681a42"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2961116293.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2961116293.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W212646144","https://openalex.org/W1481940927","https://openalex.org/W1967169727","https://openalex.org/W1991066801","https://openalex.org/W1991927802","https://openalex.org/W1994181688","https://openalex.org/W1998453377","https://openalex.org/W2003240614","https://openalex.org/W2007309991","https://openalex.org/W2023444592","https://openalex.org/W2026039230","https://openalex.org/W2032743230","https://openalex.org/W2035462959","https://openalex.org/W2048590532","https://openalex.org/W2052585506","https://openalex.org/W2061093907","https://openalex.org/W2061264559","https://openalex.org/W2064599150","https://openalex.org/W2075435559","https://openalex.org/W2075945454","https://openalex.org/W2076065199","https://openalex.org/W2088650416","https://openalex.org/W2121947440","https://openalex.org/W2132884359","https://openalex.org/W2132920047","https://openalex.org/W2141339768","https://openalex.org/W2156718197","https://openalex.org/W2157217106","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2176751782","https://openalex.org/W2519448054","https://openalex.org/W2529955551","https://openalex.org/W2706096457","https://openalex.org/W2751312807","https://openalex.org/W2771371125","https://openalex.org/W2792764867","https://openalex.org/W2890311545","https://openalex.org/W2891411686","https://openalex.org/W2903479123","https://openalex.org/W2997701990","https://openalex.org/W3018189936","https://openalex.org/W4254721730","https://openalex.org/W4255272544","https://openalex.org/W6637179743","https://openalex.org/W6675747103","https://openalex.org/W6682755970","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6728444818","https://openalex.org/W6749825310"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971102209","https://openalex.org/W2054495110","https://openalex.org/W2032483811","https://openalex.org/W2897831868","https://openalex.org/W2377568637","https://openalex.org/W2381259302","https://openalex.org/W2979748938","https://openalex.org/W2970860742","https://openalex.org/W2082200468","https://openalex.org/W2896190469"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Laser":[0],"welding":[1,90,121,143,174,216],"is":[2,8,32,53],"a":[3,13,54,71,98],"rapidly":[4],"developing":[5],"technology":[6],"that":[7,69],"of":[9,15,20,62,74,91,104,106,156,167,200,203,234,249],"utmost":[10],"importance":[11],"in":[12,59,63],"number":[14],"industrial":[16],"processes.":[17],"The":[18,83,94,126,153,165,213],"physics":[19],"the":[21,27,60,101,107,117,129,141,149,168,172,180,192,198,201,204,219,228,235,247,250],"process":[22,144],"has":[23],"been":[24],"investigated":[25],"over":[26],"past":[28],"50":[29],"years":[30],"and":[31,65,77,124,133,135,145,207,218,244],"mostly":[33],"well":[34],"understood.":[35],"Nevertheless,":[36],"online":[37],"laser-quality":[38,67],"monitoring":[39,68],"remains":[40],"an":[41,188,239],"open":[42],"issue":[43],"until":[44],"today":[45],"due":[46],"to":[47,56,115,196,226],"its":[48],"dynamic":[49],"complexity.":[50],"This":[51],"paper":[52],"supplement":[55],"existing":[57],"approaches":[58],"field":[61],"situ":[64],"real-time":[66],"presents":[70],"novel":[72],"combination":[73],"state-of-the-art":[75,257],"sensors":[76],"machine":[78,185,258],"learning":[79,259],"for":[80,191,230],"data":[81],"processing.":[82],"investigations":[84],"were":[85,113,138,146,160,224,254],"carried":[86,177],"out":[87,178],"using":[88,179],"laser":[89,120,130,142,173,215],"titanium":[92],"workpieces.":[93],"quality":[95,111,175,229],"was":[96,176,194,208],"estimated":[97],"posteriori":[99],"by":[100],"visual":[102],"inspection":[103],"cross-sections":[105],"welded":[108,236],"joints.":[109],"Four":[110],"categories":[112],"defined":[114],"cover":[116],"two":[118],"main":[119],"regimes:":[122],"conduction":[123],"keyhole.":[125],"signals":[127],"from":[128,210],"back":[131],"reflection":[132],"optical":[134],"acoustic":[136],"emissions":[137],"recorded":[139],"during":[140],"decomposed":[147],"with":[148,171,238,256],"$M$":[150],"-band":[151],"wavelets.":[152],"relative":[154],"energies":[155],"narrow":[157],"frequency":[158],"bands":[159],"taken":[161],"as":[162],"descriptive":[163],"features.":[164],"correlation":[166],"extracted":[169],"features":[170,206],"Laplacian":[181],"graph":[182],"support":[183],"vector":[184],"classifier.":[186],"Also,":[187],"adaptive":[189,221,252],"kernel":[190,222,253],"classifier":[193],"developed":[195,220,251],"improve":[197],"analysis":[199],"distributions":[202],"complex":[205],"constructed":[209],"Gaussian":[211],"mixtures.":[212],"presented":[214],"setup":[217],"algorithm":[223],"able":[225],"classify":[227],"every":[231],"$2~\\mu":[232],"\\text{m}$":[233],"joint":[237],"accuracy":[240],"ranged":[241],"between":[242],"85.9%":[243],"99.9%.":[245],"Finally,":[246],"results":[248],"compared":[255],"methods.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
