{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2959626045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2927656","title":"An Improved Grid-Search Method for the Identity-Test of Ionosphere-Layer Virtual Heights via TDOA Measurements","display_name":"An Improved Grid-Search Method for the Identity-Test of Ionosphere-Layer Virtual Heights via TDOA Measurements","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2959626045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2927656","mag":"2959626045"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2927656","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2927656","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08758208.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08758208.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028388284","display_name":"Tienan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6255-5712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tie-Nan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Monitoring and Information Processing, Ministry of Industry and Information, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6255-5712","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Monitoring and Information Processing, Ministry of Industry and Information, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039976190","display_name":"Xingpeng Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7905-2262"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xing-Peng Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Monitoring and Information Processing, Ministry of Industry and Information, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Monitoring and Information Processing, Ministry of Industry and Information, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048574514","display_name":"Yuguan Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4217-0441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Guan Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Monitoring and Information Processing, Ministry of Industry and Information, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Monitoring and Information Processing, Ministry of Industry and Information, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047498677","display_name":"He Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2868-2635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Monitoring and Information Processing, Ministry of Industry and Information, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Monitoring and Information Processing, Ministry of Industry and Information, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.1168,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44011202,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"92861","last_page":"92870"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilateration","display_name":"Multilateration","score":0.7106249332427979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6773620843887329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.6092256307601929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5237596035003662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/norm","display_name":"Norm (philosophy)","score":0.4619598090648651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter-optimization","display_name":"Hyperparameter optimization","score":0.4374059736728668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.43318304419517517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24363982677459717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20741328597068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.14025574922561646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.13730955123901367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.10781171917915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104037064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640884","display_name":"Multilateration","level":3,"score":0.7106249332427979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6773620843887329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.6092256307601929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5237596035003662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191795146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3878446","display_name":"Norm (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4619598090648651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10485038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48996162","display_name":"Hyperparameter optimization","level":3,"score":0.4374059736728668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.43318304419517517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24363982677459717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20741328597068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.14025574922561646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.13730955123901367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.10781171917915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2927656","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2927656","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08758208.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b0856b04de3b42e2830652e0709addc5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b0856b04de3b42e2830652e0709addc5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 92861-92870 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2927656","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2927656","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08758208.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5167205206","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61831009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2959626045.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2959626045.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1788909508","https://openalex.org/W1967146723","https://openalex.org/W1970962582","https://openalex.org/W1980529480","https://openalex.org/W1996215314","https://openalex.org/W2006805041","https://openalex.org/W2028823365","https://openalex.org/W2058032292","https://openalex.org/W2070114143","https://openalex.org/W2071668722","https://openalex.org/W2116696798","https://openalex.org/W2120350100","https://openalex.org/W2128380657","https://openalex.org/W2142947066","https://openalex.org/W2154347068","https://openalex.org/W2166494464","https://openalex.org/W2169730407","https://openalex.org/W2335083313","https://openalex.org/W2345238027","https://openalex.org/W2393787109","https://openalex.org/W2543150621","https://openalex.org/W2552177921","https://openalex.org/W2716370942","https://openalex.org/W2776024871","https://openalex.org/W2811237417","https://openalex.org/W2892394922","https://openalex.org/W2901526937"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2380293945","https://openalex.org/W1972023576","https://openalex.org/W1500522817","https://openalex.org/W1974812937","https://openalex.org/W3095239554","https://openalex.org/W3212409750","https://openalex.org/W1541088746","https://openalex.org/W1976761755","https://openalex.org/W4391115116","https://openalex.org/W2100592654"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sky-wave":[0],"time-difference-of-arrival":[1],"(TDOA)":[2],"localization":[3,31],"is":[4,86,129,171,181,192],"a":[5,20,27,47,76,89,113],"promising":[6],"technique,":[7],"which":[8,111,134],"may":[9],"enable":[10],"surveillance":[11],"over":[12,204],"large-scale":[13],"areas":[14],"via":[15],"passive":[16],"radar":[17],"systems.":[18],"In":[19,56],"recently":[21],"published":[22],"paper,":[23,58],"we":[24,59],"have":[25],"proposed":[26,130,179,202],"novel":[28],"sky-wave":[29],"TDOA":[30,73],"method":[32,96,128,180,191,203],"by":[33,64,131],"introducing":[34],"an":[35,100,125],"assumption,":[36],"i.e.,":[37],"the":[38,62,66,69,83,104,118,137,141,147,155,162,167,174,178,189,198,201,205],"ionosphere-layer":[39],"virtual":[40],"heights":[41],"(IVHs)":[42],"for":[43],"transmitting":[44],"paths":[45],"from":[46,161],"target":[48],"to":[49,98,102,183],"different":[50],"closely":[51],"spaced":[52],"sensors":[53],"are":[54],"identical.":[55],"this":[57,81],"further":[60],"verify":[61,197],"assumption":[63],"testing":[65],"identity":[67],"of":[68,75,108,120,150,177,188,200,210],"IVHs":[70],"based":[71],"on":[72],"measurements":[74],"known-position":[77],"target.":[78],"To":[79,122],"realize":[80],"goal,":[82],"identity-test":[84],"problem":[85],"converted":[87],"into":[88],"coefficient":[90,109,168],"retrieval":[91],"problem.":[92],"The":[93,194],"current":[94,206],"state-of-the-art":[95,207],"has":[97],"make":[99],"approximation":[101,164],"select":[103],"nearest":[105],"grid-point":[106],"(NGP)":[107],"vector,":[110],"induces":[112],"larger":[114],"recovery":[115,169,211],"error":[116],"with":[117],"increase":[119],"dimension.":[121],"alleviate":[123],"this,":[124],"improved":[126],"grid-search":[127],"training":[132,175],"weights,":[133],"can":[135,157],"build":[136],"proportional":[138],"relationship":[139],"between":[140],"weighed":[142],"norm-2":[143,148],"cost":[144],"functions":[145],"and":[146,152,166,213],"distances":[149],"grid-points":[151],"coefficients.":[153],"Thus,":[154],"NGP":[156],"be":[158,184],"selected":[159],"freely":[160],"aforementioned":[163],"error;":[165],"accuracy":[170,212],"improved.":[172],"Additionally,":[173],"phase":[176],"guaranteed":[182],"feasible":[185],"while":[186],"that":[187],"conventional":[190],"not.":[193],"simulation":[195],"results":[196],"superiority":[199],"in":[208],"terms":[209],"computational":[214],"complexity.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}