{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2957450004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2927286","title":"Length Independent Writer Identification Based on the Fusion of Deep and Hand-Crafted Descriptors","display_name":"Length Independent Writer Identification Based on the Fusion of Deep and Hand-Crafted Descriptors","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2957450004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2927286","mag":"2957450004"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2927286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2927286","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08756225.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08756225.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028805893","display_name":"Alaa Sulaiman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0149-3479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alaa Sulaiman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Artificial Intelligence Technology, Pattern Recognition Research Group, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0149-3479","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Artificial Intelligence Technology, Pattern Recognition Research Group, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070390862","display_name":"Khairuddin Omar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1794-019X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khairuddin Omar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Artificial Intelligence Technology, Pattern Recognition Research Group, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Artificial Intelligence Technology, Pattern Recognition Research Group, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000097176","display_name":"Mohammad Faidzul Nasrudin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2003-8853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad F. Nasrudin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Artificial Intelligence Technology, Pattern Recognition Research Group, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Artificial Intelligence Technology, Pattern Recognition Research Group, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016883756","display_name":"Anas Arram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4268-5864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anas Arram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Artificial Intelligence Technology, Pattern Recognition Research Group, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Artificial Intelligence Technology, Pattern Recognition Research Group, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.191,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83072146,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"91772","last_page":"91784"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8392354846000671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7389639019966125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.6192956566810608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5960168838500977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.5898284912109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5602973103523254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5332270264625549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.5078356862068176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5049191117286682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paragraph","display_name":"Paragraph","score":0.48629888892173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.4640924334526062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4595761001110077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.45193278789520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4421074390411377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.41218051314353943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.39147794246673584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.19239914417266846}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8392354846000671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7389639019966125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.6192956566810608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5960168838500977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5898284912109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5602973103523254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5332270264625549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.5078356862068176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5049191117286682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777206241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194431","display_name":"Paragraph","level":2,"score":0.48629888892173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.4640924334526062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4595761001110077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.45193278789520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4421074390411377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.41218051314353943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.39147794246673584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.19239914417266846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2927286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2927286","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08756225.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9bfc25fc47ff41c981aea2ff7f5bdad8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9bfc25fc47ff41c981aea2ff7f5bdad8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 91772-91784 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2927286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2927286","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08756225.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G648384368","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FRGS/1/2016/ICT02/UKM/02/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/05mcs2t73"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2957450004.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2957450004.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966917421","https://openalex.org/W1974625323","https://openalex.org/W1984210337","https://openalex.org/W1984294391","https://openalex.org/W1989326437","https://openalex.org/W1993312227","https://openalex.org/W1993487275","https://openalex.org/W2002882966","https://openalex.org/W2012592962","https://openalex.org/W2020774984","https://openalex.org/W2034125743","https://openalex.org/W2050995497","https://openalex.org/W2071269314","https://openalex.org/W2074812954","https://openalex.org/W2089894294","https://openalex.org/W2100202779","https://openalex.org/W2102448650","https://openalex.org/W2111072639","https://openalex.org/W2112012078","https://openalex.org/W2120987116","https://openalex.org/W2121375797","https://openalex.org/W2128816292","https://openalex.org/W2130478883","https://openalex.org/W2132672431","https://openalex.org/W2136994540","https://openalex.org/W2138446285","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2151274142","https://openalex.org/W2152446828","https://openalex.org/W2152928267","https://openalex.org/W2160511393","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2170737087","https://openalex.org/W2190740400","https://openalex.org/W2259819144","https://openalex.org/W2295185764","https://openalex.org/W2527189503","https://openalex.org/W2529897829","https://openalex.org/W2550447305","https://openalex.org/W2563552331","https://openalex.org/W2576338440","https://openalex.org/W2591086589","https://openalex.org/W2793730104","https://openalex.org/W2807440061","https://openalex.org/W2808847584","https://openalex.org/W2809034148","https://openalex.org/W2884320137","https://openalex.org/W2893776197","https://openalex.org/W2905754964","https://openalex.org/W2912359110","https://openalex.org/W2914268632","https://openalex.org/W2935850585","https://openalex.org/W2962708362","https://openalex.org/W6674995400","https://openalex.org/W6680468653","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6692463401"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2377059580","https://openalex.org/W127000293","https://openalex.org/W2391800119","https://openalex.org/W2052919063","https://openalex.org/W2595239241","https://openalex.org/W2799181378","https://openalex.org/W3003711649","https://openalex.org/W2904173691","https://openalex.org/W4365517254","https://openalex.org/W270947280"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Writer's":[0],"identification":[1,205],"from":[2,52,65,237],"a":[3,39,113,172,179,200,229,234],"handwritten":[4,19,54,67],"text":[5],"is":[6,47,117,125,147],"one":[7],"of":[8,16,33,41,103,189,210],"the":[9,17,23,42,53,60,66,82,94,101,110,121,130,144,154,163,167,196,208,211,225,241],"most":[10],"challenging":[11],"machines":[12],"learning":[13,233],"problems":[14],"because":[15],"variable":[18],"sources,":[20],"various":[21],"languages,":[22],"similarity":[24],"between":[25],"writer's":[26,122,168,235],"pattern,":[27],"context":[28,141],"variation,":[29],"and":[30,44,77,149,192,220],"implicit":[31],"characteristics":[32],"handwriting":[34],"styles.":[35],"In":[36,152],"this":[37],"paper,":[38],"combination":[40],"deep":[43,76],"hand-crafted":[45,78],"descriptor":[46],"utilized":[48],"to":[49,57,75,80,92,119,127],"learn":[50],"patterns":[51],"images.":[55,68],"First,":[56],"do":[58],"so,":[59],"local":[61,83,87],"patches":[62,71],"are":[63,72,89],"extracted":[64,86,118],"Then,":[69],"these":[70],"simultaneously":[73],"fed":[74],"descriptors":[79,106],"generate":[81],"descriptions.":[84],"The":[85,181],"features":[88],"then":[90],"assembled":[91],"make":[93],"whole":[95],"description":[96,111,132],"matrix.":[97],"Finally,":[98],"by":[99],"applying":[100],"vector":[102,116],"locally":[104],"aggregated":[105],"(VLAD)":[107],"encoding":[108],"on":[109,136,162,184,214],"matrix,":[112],"1-D":[114],"feature":[115],"represent":[120],"pattern.":[123],"It":[124],"worthwhile":[126],"mention":[128],"that":[129,195,224],"generated":[131],"does":[133,157],"not":[134,158],"rely":[135],"any":[137,160],"language":[138,148],"model":[139],"or":[140,177],"information.":[142],"Thus,":[143],"proposed":[145,155,197,212,226],"approach":[146,227],"content":[150],"independent.":[151],"addition,":[153],"method":[156,198,213],"have":[159],"restriction":[161],"input":[164],"length,":[165],"hence,":[166],"sample":[169],"can":[170],"be":[171],"passage,":[173],"paragraph,":[174],"line,":[175],"sentence,":[176],"even":[178],"word.":[180],"obtained":[182],"results":[183],"three":[185],"public":[186],"benchmark":[187],"datasets":[188],"IAM,":[190],"CVL,":[191],"Khatt":[193],"indicate":[194],"has":[199,228],"high-accuracy":[201],"rate":[202],"in":[203,232],"writing":[204],"task.":[206],"Furthermore,":[207],"performance":[209],"CVL":[215],"dataset":[216],"using":[217],"both":[218,238],"German":[219],"English":[221],"samples":[222],"demonstrates":[223],"high":[230],"capability":[231],"pattern":[236],"languages":[239],"at":[240],"same":[242],"time.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}