{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2954537967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2926335","title":"FPGA-Based Hardware Implementation of Computationally Efficient Multi-Source DOA Estimation Algorithms","display_name":"FPGA-Based Hardware Implementation of Computationally Efficient Multi-Source DOA Estimation Algorithms","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2954537967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2926335","mag":"2954537967"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2926335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2926335","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08753477.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08753477.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041019752","display_name":"Ahmed A. Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1873-9746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138564716","display_name":"Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University","ror":"https://ror.org/03d64na34","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed A. Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia","Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1873-9746","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037702389","display_name":"Nizar Tayem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2640-3540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206651237","display_name":"East Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01red3556","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206651237"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nizar Tayem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and Technology, Texas A & M University, Commerce, TX 75428, USA","Department of Engineering and Technology, Texas A & M University, Commerce, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Technology, Texas A & M University, Commerce, TX 75428, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206651237"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Technology, Texas A & M University, Commerce, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206651237"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060211303","display_name":"Abdel\u2010Hamid Soliman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-1107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198012923","display_name":"University of Staffordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/00d6k8y35","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdel-Hamid Soliman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DE, U.K","School of Engineering, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 2DE, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-1107","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DE, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 2DE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063659471","display_name":"Redha M. Radaydeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4599-9079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206651237","display_name":"East Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01red3556","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206651237"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Redha M. Radaydeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and Technology, Texas A & M University, Commerce, TX 75428, USA","Department of Engineering and Technology, Texas A & M University, Commerce, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Technology, Texas A & M University, Commerce, TX 75428, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206651237"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Technology, Texas A & M University, Commerce, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206651237"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041019752"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.6713,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9096503,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"88845","last_page":"88858"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11233","display_name":"Advanced Adaptive Filtering Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.9097385406494141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7919413447380066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-software-radio-peripheral","display_name":"Universal Software Radio Peripheral","score":0.7633957862854004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-radio","display_name":"Software-defined radio","score":0.6134823560714722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5618577003479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5443922281265259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtex","display_name":"Virtex","score":0.527150571346283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cholesky-decomposition","display_name":"Cholesky decomposition","score":0.5138604640960693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gate-array","display_name":"Gate array","score":0.46452224254608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4362197518348694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.42434537410736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.40228089690208435}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.9097385406494141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7919413447380066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192220659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1245659","display_name":"Universal Software Radio Peripheral","level":3,"score":0.7633957862854004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171115542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331892","display_name":"Software-defined radio","level":2,"score":0.6134823560714722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5618577003479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5443922281265259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777674469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20741011","display_name":"Virtex","level":3,"score":0.527150571346283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34727166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515375","display_name":"Cholesky decomposition","level":3,"score":0.5138604640960693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114237110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114901","display_name":"Gate array","level":3,"score":0.46452224254608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4362197518348694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.42434537410736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.40228089690208435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158693339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524","display_name":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2926335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2926335","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08753477.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.staffs.ac.uk:5888","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401113","display_name":"Staffordshire Online Repository (Staffordshire University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I198012923","host_organization_name":"University of Staffordshire","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e7c5381c6d04439abba0116c71c8dd49","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e7c5381c6d04439abba0116c71c8dd49","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 88845-88858 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2926335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2926335","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08753477.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328105","display_name":"Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University","ror":"https://ror.org/03d64na34"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2954537967.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2954537967.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1510091582","https://openalex.org/W1952629836","https://openalex.org/W1964624959","https://openalex.org/W1968532017","https://openalex.org/W2007907716","https://openalex.org/W2022551537","https://openalex.org/W2032226354","https://openalex.org/W2078671025","https://openalex.org/W2089338512","https://openalex.org/W2110228060","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2128131274","https://openalex.org/W2150868299","https://openalex.org/W2157055180","https://openalex.org/W2172135806","https://openalex.org/W2277441169","https://openalex.org/W2328548765","https://openalex.org/W2500243028","https://openalex.org/W2535538881","https://openalex.org/W2614664366","https://openalex.org/W2748119021","https://openalex.org/W2794478543","https://openalex.org/W2899280477","https://openalex.org/W3196912532","https://openalex.org/W3200297824","https://openalex.org/W4312258136","https://openalex.org/W6682096684","https://openalex.org/W6724456298","https://openalex.org/W6801367203","https://openalex.org/W6801537699"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4251089492","https://openalex.org/W2993899695","https://openalex.org/W2886621694","https://openalex.org/W2540432762","https://openalex.org/W2127011572","https://openalex.org/W1622326982","https://openalex.org/W2354005007","https://openalex.org/W208897493","https://openalex.org/W117117353","https://openalex.org/W2048387591"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hardware":[0],"implementation":[1,110],"of":[2,6,53,88,104,111,129,168],"the":[3,44,50,63,85,89,102,105,109,112,121,140,145,149,162,169],"proposed":[4,23,90,106,113],"direction":[5],"arrival":[7],"(DOA)":[8],"estimation":[9,170],"algorithms":[10,24,114,153],"based":[11],"on":[12,29,115],"Cholesky":[13],"and":[14,77,97,132,174],"LDL":[15],"decomposition":[16],"is":[17,164],"presented":[18],"in":[19,49,127,161,166],"this":[20],"paper.":[21],"The":[22,92],"are":[25,81],"implemented":[26],"for":[27,43,84,139],"execution":[28],"a":[30,39,54,116],"field":[31],"programmable":[32],"gate":[33],"array":[34,57],"(FPGA)":[35],"as":[36,38,154,156],"well":[37,155],"PC":[40],"(running":[41],"LabVIEW)":[42],"multiple":[45],"non-coherent":[46],"sources":[47],"located":[48],"far-field":[51],"region":[52],"uniform":[55],"linear":[56],"(ULA).":[58],"Prototype":[59],"testbeds":[60],"built":[61],"using":[62,120],"national":[64],"instruments":[65],"(NI)":[66],"universal":[67],"software":[68,72,123],"radio":[69,74],"peripheral":[70],"(USRP)":[71],"defined":[73],"(SDR)":[75],"platform":[76],"Xilinx":[78,117],"Virtex-5":[79,118],"FPGA":[80,119,175],"originally":[82],"constructed":[83],"experimental":[86],"validation":[87],"algorithms.":[91,107],"results":[93],"from":[94],"LabVIEW":[95,122],"simulations":[96],"real-time":[98,141],"hardware":[99],"experiments":[100],"demonstrate":[101],"effectiveness":[103],"Specifically,":[108],"clarifies":[124],"their":[125],"efficiency":[126],"terms":[128,167],"computation":[130,172],"time":[131],"resource":[133],"utilization,":[134],"which":[135],"make":[136],"them":[137],"suitable":[138],"practical":[142],"applications.":[143],"Moreover,":[144],"performance":[146],"comparison":[147],"with":[148],"QR":[150],"decomposition-based":[151],"DOA":[152],"similar":[157],"FPGA-based":[158],"implementations":[159],"reported":[160],"literature":[163],"conducted":[165],"accuracy,":[171],"speed,":[173],"resources":[176],"consumed.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}