{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2955070479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2926233","title":"Design and Fabrication of Wideband Millimeter-Wave Directional Couplers With Different Coupling Factors Based on Gap Waveguide Technology","display_name":"Design and Fabrication of Wideband Millimeter-Wave Directional Couplers With Different Coupling Factors Based on Gap Waveguide Technology","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2955070479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2926233","mag":"2955070479"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2926233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2926233","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08753571.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08753571.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081661622","display_name":"Davoud Zarifi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0703-6909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I105818395","display_name":"University of Kashan","ror":"https://ror.org/015zmr509","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105818395"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Davoud Zarifi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0703-6909","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I105818395"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012740618","display_name":"Ali Farahbakhsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0199-4636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183263030","display_name":"Graduate University of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0451xdy64","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183263030"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Farahbakhsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183263030"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012511020","display_name":"Ashraf Uz Zaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2666-0563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashraf Uz Zaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Signals and Systems, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Signals and Systems, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081661622"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I105818395"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.9372,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86512096,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"88822","last_page":"88829"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wideband","display_name":"Wideband","score":0.7615942358970642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-dividers-and-directional-couplers","display_name":"Power dividers and directional couplers","score":0.6786651611328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coupling","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","score":0.675108790397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groove","display_name":"Groove (engineering)","score":0.627345621585846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveguide","display_name":"Waveguide","score":0.611147403717041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.580702006816864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.5658978819847107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.5585196018218994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5031506419181824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/millimeter","display_name":"Millimeter","score":0.4846811592578888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/return-loss","display_name":"Return loss","score":0.4791381061077118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.45917466282844543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coupling-loss","display_name":"Coupling loss","score":0.4563004672527313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fabrication","display_name":"Fabrication","score":0.4150787591934204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2272830307483673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1895759105682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.1604522466659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.07758265733718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber","display_name":"Optical fiber","score":0.07484191656112671}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780202535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4524457","display_name":"Wideband","level":2,"score":0.7615942358970642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202988678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417986","display_name":"Power dividers and directional couplers","level":2,"score":0.6786651611328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.675108790397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779472054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2377973","display_name":"Groove (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.627345621585846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200687136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11233438","display_name":"Waveguide","level":2,"score":0.611147403717041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.580702006816864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5658978819847107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.5585196018218994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5031506419181824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109792285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174789","display_name":"Millimeter","level":2,"score":0.4846811592578888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196901423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933836","display_name":"Return loss","level":3,"score":0.4791381061077118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.45917466282844543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21792228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5178039","display_name":"Coupling loss","level":3,"score":0.4563004672527313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.4150787591934204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2272830307483673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1895759105682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1604522466659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.07758265733718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.07484191656112671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2926233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2926233","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08753571.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c4ccfc131d444fb1a31e4494204aa85b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c4ccfc131d444fb1a31e4494204aa85b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 88822-88829 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:511599","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/511599","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2926233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2926233","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08753571.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2955070479.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2955070479.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516876427","https://openalex.org/W1622502811","https://openalex.org/W1999027658","https://openalex.org/W2011389631","https://openalex.org/W2016763853","https://openalex.org/W2030597035","https://openalex.org/W2064222338","https://openalex.org/W2098920197","https://openalex.org/W2102680225","https://openalex.org/W2128092528","https://openalex.org/W2141931757","https://openalex.org/W2146010673","https://openalex.org/W2156657895","https://openalex.org/W2159477209","https://openalex.org/W2287693694","https://openalex.org/W2473309872","https://openalex.org/W2521363240","https://openalex.org/W2536601924","https://openalex.org/W2550504490","https://openalex.org/W2604831665","https://openalex.org/W2606390924","https://openalex.org/W2616143193","https://openalex.org/W2729974750","https://openalex.org/W2801476434","https://openalex.org/W2805698902","https://openalex.org/W2807836715","https://openalex.org/W2811177079","https://openalex.org/W4211226927","https://openalex.org/W4229594554","https://openalex.org/W4250504719","https://openalex.org/W6696435108"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4243318371","https://openalex.org/W2348859175","https://openalex.org/W2099850681","https://openalex.org/W2047187671","https://openalex.org/W4387693277","https://openalex.org/W2585165613","https://openalex.org/W2049507078","https://openalex.org/W2905554617","https://openalex.org/W2165376357","https://openalex.org/W4367148421"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"class":[1],"of":[2,37,47,79,82,89,102,135,143,151,175,201,235,240,249,260,281],"wideband":[3],"directional":[4,105,265],"couplers":[5,19,171,227,266],"suitable":[6],"for":[7,231,276],"achieving":[8],"different":[9,118,148],"coupling":[10,56,67,76,92,110,119,173,238],"levels":[11,93,174],"are":[12,35,211,218],"proposed":[13,18,104,137,226,264],"in":[14,50,70,219],"this":[15],"paper.":[16],"The":[17,97,213,263],"have":[20,181,228],"been":[21,182],"implemented":[22],"using":[23,116,194],"the":[24,30,55,58,66,71,75,87,91,103,109,117,123,136,152,157,189,195,204,225,256,279],"double-layer":[25],"groove":[26,40,127,205],"gap":[27,41,206],"waveguide":[28,42,60,207],"at":[29,163,273],"millimeter-wave":[31,274],"frequency":[32,258],"range.":[33],"They":[34],"composed":[36],"two":[38,59,80,199],"parallel":[39],"parts":[43,150],"placed":[44,69],"on":[45,86],"top":[46,124],"each":[48],"other":[49],"such":[51,288],"a":[52],"way":[53],"that":[54,108,224],"between":[57],"sections":[61],"can":[62,94,112,267],"be":[63,95,113,268],"achieved":[64],"via":[65],"structures":[68],"common":[72],"wall.":[73],"Usually,":[74],"layer":[77],"consists":[78],"rows":[81],"holes":[83,90],"and":[84,99,125,129,160,178,185,192,215,222,243,246,252,278,286],"depending":[85],"number":[88],"controlled.":[96],"manifest":[98],"applicable":[100],"property":[101],"coupler":[106],"is":[107,140],"level":[111,234,239,248],"simply":[114],"changed":[115],"layers":[120],"without":[121],"changing":[122],"bottom":[126],"waveguides":[128],"transitions.":[130],"As":[131],"another":[132],"significant":[133],"advantage":[134],"coupler,":[138],"there":[139],"no":[141],"requirement":[142],"good":[144,220,271],"electrical":[145],"contact":[146],"among":[147],"metallic":[149],"structure,":[153],"which":[154],"considerably":[155],"simplifies":[156],"manufacturing":[158],"processes":[159],"mechanical":[161],"assembly":[162],"millimeter-waves":[164],"applications.":[165],"For":[166],"verification":[167],"purpose,":[168],"three":[169],"sample":[170],"with":[172],"10,":[176],"20,":[177],"30":[179],"dB":[180,254],"designed,":[183],"fabricated,":[184],"measured.":[186],"To":[187],"make":[188],"device":[190],"accessible":[191],"measurable":[193],"standard":[196,209],"rectangular":[197],"waveguides,":[198],"types":[200],"transitions":[202],"from":[203],"to":[208],"WR-15":[210],"designed.":[212],"simulation":[214],"experimental":[216],"results":[217],"agreement":[221],"show":[223],"large":[229],"bandwidth":[230],"return":[232],"loss":[233],"20":[236],"dB,":[237,245],"10\u00b11,":[241],"20\u00b11,":[242],"30\u00b11":[244],"isolation":[247],"30,":[250],"35,":[251],"40":[253],"over":[255],"desired":[257],"band":[259],"50-70":[261],"GHz.":[262],"used":[269],"as":[270,289],"candidates":[272],"frequencies":[275],"probing":[277],"design":[280],"compact":[282],"integrated":[283],"microwave":[284],"circuits":[285],"systems,":[287],"antenna":[290],"array":[291],"feeding":[292],"networks.":[293]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}