{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2955726587","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2925563","title":"Graph-Regularized Laplace Approximation for Detecting Small Infrared Target Against Complex Backgrounds","display_name":"Graph-Regularized Laplace Approximation for Detecting Small Infrared Target Against Complex Backgrounds","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2955726587","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2925563","mag":"2955726587"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2925563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2925563","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08750835.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08750835.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029080840","display_name":"Fei Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8566-6968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101615579","display_name":"Yiquan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8591-1289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiquan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8591-1289","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101658016","display_name":"Yimian Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1052-2489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yimian Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100396024","display_name":"Peng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3825-6365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3825-6365","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005788398","display_name":"Kang Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1026-2074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":21.4201,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98756957,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"85354","last_page":"85371"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11856","display_name":"Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.619747519493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5409435033798218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regular-polygon","display_name":"Regular polygon","score":0.4708499610424042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.46769285202026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.45741838216781616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4424762725830078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convex-optimization","display_name":"Convex optimization","score":0.42358261346817017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laplace-transform","display_name":"Laplace transform","score":0.4175875782966614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.39495301246643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39170199632644653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35234975814819336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3196983337402344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.16688308119773865}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.619747519493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5409435033798218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112680207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714886","display_name":"Regular polygon","level":2,"score":0.4708499610424042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.46769285202026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.45741838216781616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4424762725830078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157972887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463359","display_name":"Convex optimization","level":3,"score":0.42358261346817017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97937538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199691","display_name":"Laplace transform","level":2,"score":0.4175875782966614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.39495301246643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39170199632644653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35234975814819336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3196983337402344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.16688308119773865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2925563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2925563","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08750835.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8f1f16f9d3cf4578a15381b02d805643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8f1f16f9d3cf4578a15381b02d805643","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 85354-85371 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2925563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2925563","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08750835.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2744459430","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61573183","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4695680925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61801211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6518831593","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant 61801211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8397543063","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201900029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326873","funder_display_name":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326873","display_name":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2955726587.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2955726587.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557315467","https://openalex.org/W1634387560","https://openalex.org/W1860736741","https://openalex.org/W1978749115","https://openalex.org/W1978993121","https://openalex.org/W1983680350","https://openalex.org/W1986080131","https://openalex.org/W1992873714","https://openalex.org/W2006851788","https://openalex.org/W2028302281","https://openalex.org/W2035160178","https://openalex.org/W2041560658","https://openalex.org/W2041888557","https://openalex.org/W2049769803","https://openalex.org/W2056201402","https://openalex.org/W2058928435","https://openalex.org/W2059639989","https://openalex.org/W2080197848","https://openalex.org/W2087018183","https://openalex.org/W2103972604","https://openalex.org/W2107861471","https://openalex.org/W2145962650","https://openalex.org/W2149532724","https://openalex.org/W2156718197","https://openalex.org/W2164278908","https://openalex.org/W2175634846","https://openalex.org/W2336406062","https://openalex.org/W2340859457","https://openalex.org/W2341998679","https://openalex.org/W2344310038","https://openalex.org/W2346388536","https://openalex.org/W2346506533","https://openalex.org/W2407220925","https://openalex.org/W2462664206","https://openalex.org/W2472688184","https://openalex.org/W2540854551","https://openalex.org/W2578504242","https://openalex.org/W2588370006","https://openalex.org/W2604768956","https://openalex.org/W2608358103","https://openalex.org/W2724686744","https://openalex.org/W2733009881","https://openalex.org/W2741058951","https://openalex.org/W2750746331","https://openalex.org/W2770868881","https://openalex.org/W2775829438","https://openalex.org/W2776575223","https://openalex.org/W2782405382","https://openalex.org/W2803108972","https://openalex.org/W2803465596","https://openalex.org/W2897261831","https://openalex.org/W2900546872","https://openalex.org/W2900678331","https://openalex.org/W2902200144","https://openalex.org/W2904893761","https://openalex.org/W2912919760","https://openalex.org/W2921709033","https://openalex.org/W2942839421","https://openalex.org/W3100873463","https://openalex.org/W3102415113","https://openalex.org/W3104099693","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4292363360","https://openalex.org/W6682755970"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3006513224","https://openalex.org/W2046456988","https://openalex.org/W2357409937","https://openalex.org/W2510582230","https://openalex.org/W2978674666","https://openalex.org/W2074430941","https://openalex.org/W2113096305","https://openalex.org/W1977636359","https://openalex.org/W2772305933","https://openalex.org/W2580722822"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Against":[0],"complex":[1],"background":[2,40,82,91],"containing":[3],"the":[4,39,71,78,87,93,99,106,118,135,138,145,148,167,177],"tiny":[5],"target,":[6],"high-performance":[7],"infrared":[8,59,164],"small":[9],"target":[10,61],"detection":[11],"is":[12,56,74,96,115,121,151],"always":[13],"treated":[14],"as":[15],"a":[16,47,64,109,124],"difficult":[17],"task.":[18],"Many":[19],"low-rank":[20,51,67],"recovery-based":[21],"methods":[22],"have":[23],"shown":[24],"great":[25],"potential,":[26],"but":[27],"they":[28],"may":[29],"suffer":[30],"from":[31],"high":[32],"false":[33],"or":[34],"missing":[35],"alarm":[36],"when":[37],"encountering":[38],"with":[41,112,176],"intricate":[42],"interferences.":[43],"In":[44],"this":[45],"paper,":[46],"novel":[48],"graph-regularized":[49],"Laplace":[50,66],"approximation":[52],"detecting":[53,100],"model":[54,120,150],"(GRLA)":[55],"developed":[57],"for":[58],"dim":[60],"scenes.":[62],"Initially,":[63],"non-convex":[65,131],"regularizer":[68],"instead":[69],"of":[70,80,137,142,147,170],"nuclear":[72],"norm":[73],"employed":[75],"to":[76,85,123,174],"boost":[77],"accuracy":[79],"heterogeneous":[81],"estimation.":[83],"Then,":[84],"maintain":[86],"intrinsic":[88],"structure":[89],"between":[90],"patch-image,":[92],"graph":[94],"regularization":[95],"incorporated":[97],"in":[98],"model.":[101],"Besides,":[102],"aiming":[103],"at":[104],"reducing":[105],"nontarget":[107],"outliers,":[108],"reweighted":[110],"l1norm":[111],"nonnegative":[113],"constraint":[114],"used.":[116],"Finally,":[117],"proposed":[119,149,172],"extended":[122],"generalized":[125],"framework":[126],"(G-GRLA)":[127],"by":[128,153],"replacing":[129],"different":[130],"rank":[132],"functions.":[133],"With":[134],"help":[136],"alternating":[139],"direction":[140],"method":[141,173],"multiplier":[143],"(ADMM),":[144],"solution":[146],"obtained":[152],"an":[154],"iterative":[155],"optimization":[156],"scheme.":[157],"The":[158],"experimental":[159],"results":[160],"on":[161],"extensive":[162],"actual":[163],"images":[165],"present":[166],"superior":[168],"performance":[169],"our":[171],"compare":[175],"state-of-the-art":[178],"methods.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
