{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2951864735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2924262","title":"Automatic Classification and Segmentation of Teeth on 3D Dental Model Using Hierarchical Deep Learning Networks","display_name":"Automatic Classification and Segmentation of Teeth on 3D Dental Model Using Hierarchical Deep Learning Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2951864735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2924262","mag":"2951864735"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2924262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2924262","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08743393.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08743393.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072060690","display_name":"Sukun Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8289-5968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sukun Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8289-5968","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016336279","display_name":"Ning Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3377-9976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054964406","display_name":"Bei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3230-7387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101775359","display_name":"Fulai Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3413-3234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fulai Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111312389","display_name":"Qing Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8587-6974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073460915","display_name":"Xiaosheng Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7489-2345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaosheng Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":15.2076,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":152,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99490022,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"84817","last_page":"84828"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7445114254951477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7003995180130005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6929742097854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.5682323575019836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5610314011573792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5552343130111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","score":0.5255604982376099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5227630138397217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4760168194770813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.4635448157787323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voxel","display_name":"Voxel","score":0.45411941409111023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.4525453746318817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.41818660497665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.39446768164634705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.22611895203590393}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7445114254951477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7003995180130005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6929742097854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.5682323575019836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5610314011573792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5552343130111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.5255604982376099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5227630138397217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4760168194770813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.4635448157787323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54170458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663554","display_name":"Voxel","level":2,"score":0.45411941409111023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4525453746318817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.41818660497665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.39446768164634705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.22611895203590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2924262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2924262","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08743393.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f21cde5354824877b33f9123e93c4d66","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f21cde5354824877b33f9123e93c4d66","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 84817-84828 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2924262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2924262","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08743393.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1747583020","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BE2018010-2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334925","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Support Program of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3321607123","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BE2018010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321605","funder_display_name":"Government of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5093236378","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GDZB-034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326182","funder_display_name":"Six Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5983588329","display_name":"\u8d85\u6750\u6599\u96f6\u4ef6\u4eff\u751f\u5fae\u7ed3\u6784\u5efa\u6a21\u53ca\u5b8f\u89c2\u673a\u68b0\u6027\u80fd\u8c03\u914d\u673a\u5236\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"51775273","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7142886067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20161487","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321605","display_name":"Government of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/004svx814"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326182","display_name":"Six Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326693","display_name":"Jiangsu Provincial Commission of Health and Family Planning","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334925","display_name":"Science and Technology Support Program of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/02mkqta53"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2951864735.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2951864735.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W948663339","https://openalex.org/W1593557558","https://openalex.org/W1745334888","https://openalex.org/W1974782679","https://openalex.org/W2031209446","https://openalex.org/W2049822456","https://openalex.org/W2053935658","https://openalex.org/W2054969885","https://openalex.org/W2111406701","https://openalex.org/W2112482836","https://openalex.org/W2121213023","https://openalex.org/W2155893237","https://openalex.org/W2156061717","https://openalex.org/W2161236525","https://openalex.org/W2254644702","https://openalex.org/W2284539364","https://openalex.org/W2285190206","https://openalex.org/W2293078015","https://openalex.org/W2301358467","https://openalex.org/W2338271170","https://openalex.org/W2471801048","https://openalex.org/W2508760637","https://openalex.org/W2529372229","https://openalex.org/W2555989946","https://openalex.org/W2560609797","https://openalex.org/W2590458860","https://openalex.org/W2737234477","https://openalex.org/W2751884637","https://openalex.org/W2804967795","https://openalex.org/W2805105654","https://openalex.org/W2883741661","https://openalex.org/W2905147676","https://openalex.org/W2952793010","https://openalex.org/W3104141662","https://openalex.org/W6720275808","https://openalex.org/W6763422710"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2356597680","https://openalex.org/W2093471820","https://openalex.org/W50079190","https://openalex.org/W2114846443","https://openalex.org/W3102147106","https://openalex.org/W2111726165","https://openalex.org/W2347460059","https://openalex.org/W3027020613","https://openalex.org/W2016533837","https://openalex.org/W1984858032"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"solve":[1,66],"the":[2,7,10,14,30,47,52,58,67,86,99,108,111,115,124,132,142,151,155,170],"problem":[3,69],"of":[4,9,17,93,110,144],"low":[5],"efficiency,":[6],"complexity":[8],"interactive":[11],"operation,":[12],"and":[13,34,42,95,98,114,141,161,163],"high":[15],"degree":[16],"manual":[18],"intervention":[19],"in":[20,70,127,136,169],"existing":[21,152],"methods,":[22,154],"we":[23,76],"propose":[24],"a":[25],"novel":[26],"approach":[27],"based":[28,84],"on":[29,46,57,85],"sparse":[31],"voxel":[32],"octree":[33],"3D":[35,48],"convolution":[36,88],"neural":[37],"networks":[38],"(CNNs)":[39],"for":[40],"segmenting":[41],"classifying":[43],"tooth":[44,53,73,145],"types":[45],"dental":[49],"models.":[50],"First,":[51],"classification":[54,125,134],"method":[55,83,157],"capitalized":[56],"two-level":[59],"hierarchical":[60,81],"feature":[61],"learning":[62],"is":[63,104,130,139,147],"proposed":[64,156],"to":[65,90,106],"misclassification":[68],"highly":[71],"similar":[72],"categories.":[74],"Second,":[75],"exploit":[77],"an":[78],"improved":[79],"three-level":[80],"segmentation":[82,92,146],"deep":[87],"features":[89],"conduct":[91],"teeth-gingiva":[94],"inter-teeth,":[96],"respectively,":[97],"conditional":[100],"random":[101],"field":[102],"model":[103],"used":[105],"refine":[107],"boundary":[109],"gingival":[112],"margin":[113],"inter-teeth":[116],"fusion":[117],"region.":[118],"The":[119],"experimental":[120],"results":[121],"show":[122],"that":[123],"accuracy":[126,135,143,160],"Level_1":[128],"network":[129,138],"95.96%,":[131],"average":[133],"Level_2":[137],"88.06%,":[140],"89.81%.":[148],"Compared":[149],"with":[150],"state-of-the-art":[153],"has":[158,165],"higher":[159],"universality,":[162],"it":[164],"great":[166],"application":[167],"potential":[168],"computer-assisted":[171],"orthodontic":[172],"treatment":[173],"diagnosis.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}