{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2951996953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2923771","title":"Multi-Source Localization Using Time of Arrival Self-Clustering Method in Wireless Sensor Networks","display_name":"Multi-Source Localization Using Time of Arrival Self-Clustering Method in Wireless Sensor Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2951996953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2923771","mag":"2951996953"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2923771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2923771","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08740859.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08740859.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012602827","display_name":"Xinwei Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0011-1459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinwei Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0011-1459","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101759551","display_name":"Zhifei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8614-2988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099069","display_name":"Institute of Acoustics","ror":"https://ror.org/00v8rqv75","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhifei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091629402","display_name":"Xiaoqing Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5007-4567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099069","display_name":"Institute of Acoustics","ror":"https://ror.org/00v8rqv75","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoqing Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100711527","display_name":"Xiaodong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4170-0076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099069","display_name":"Institute of Acoustics","ror":"https://ror.org/00v8rqv75","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0965,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76131861,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"82110","last_page":"82121"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-of-arrival","display_name":"Time of arrival","score":0.7803434133529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.7798100709915161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7697796821594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.5924918055534363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5921012759208679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.5130430459976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.4698169529438019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.46465247869491577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-of-arrival","display_name":"Direction of arrival","score":0.4145708382129669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.39676687121391296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2662857472896576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10585281252861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163150518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208","display_name":"Time of arrival","level":3,"score":0.7803434133529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.7798100709915161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7697796821594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.5924918055534363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5921012759208679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.5130430459976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.4698169529438019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.46465247869491577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172051844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5280438","display_name":"Direction of arrival","level":3,"score":0.4145708382129669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.39676687121391296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2662857472896576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10585281252861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2923771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2923771","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08740859.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dbe731f09e004118b4a9bfe22ad1b461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dbe731f09e004118b4a9bfe22ad1b461","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 82110-82121 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2923771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2923771","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08740859.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2569375558","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61501448","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2866636858","display_name":"\u9e21\u5c3e\u9152\u4f1a\u6548\u5e94\u4e2d\u591a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u9009\u62e9\u53ca\u5176\u8ba4\u77e5\u5efa\u6a21","funder_award_id":"11774379","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4162194127","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFC0802103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5890632446","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11774379,61501448","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335892","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2951996953.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2951996953.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W171373254","https://openalex.org/W1841709236","https://openalex.org/W1965388485","https://openalex.org/W1969414067","https://openalex.org/W1986565850","https://openalex.org/W2004385997","https://openalex.org/W2016460936","https://openalex.org/W2020802458","https://openalex.org/W2023004272","https://openalex.org/W2031932224","https://openalex.org/W2037958743","https://openalex.org/W2051470259","https://openalex.org/W2054826744","https://openalex.org/W2071608040","https://openalex.org/W2075001236","https://openalex.org/W2076919534","https://openalex.org/W2101414012","https://openalex.org/W2104264645","https://openalex.org/W2104422351","https://openalex.org/W2108718387","https://openalex.org/W2109567084","https://openalex.org/W2110412069","https://openalex.org/W2113744809","https://openalex.org/W2114404361","https://openalex.org/W2120350100","https://openalex.org/W2130160095","https://openalex.org/W2149310890","https://openalex.org/W2163817142","https://openalex.org/W2166000463","https://openalex.org/W2293895826","https://openalex.org/W2403517573","https://openalex.org/W2538231991","https://openalex.org/W2604807768","https://openalex.org/W2747805921","https://openalex.org/W3131074427","https://openalex.org/W4239875977","https://openalex.org/W4249052411","https://openalex.org/W4250585244","https://openalex.org/W4253925510","https://openalex.org/W6654484488"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2535060393","https://openalex.org/W2561510652","https://openalex.org/W2801687921","https://openalex.org/W2539149779","https://openalex.org/W2132370204","https://openalex.org/W2547259523","https://openalex.org/W2372955329","https://openalex.org/W2143460307","https://openalex.org/W3150350962","https://openalex.org/W2588605579"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,68,139],"localization":[1,54,76],"of":[2,87,90,93,108],"multiple":[3],"signal":[4,24],"sources":[5,25,40],"based":[6],"on":[7],"Time":[8],"Of":[9],"Arrival":[10],"(TOA)":[11],"measurements":[12,44,95,110],"in":[13,19],"wireless":[14],"sensor":[15],"networks":[16],"is":[17,48,63,78,96,103,120],"investigated":[18],"this":[20],"paper.":[21],"When":[22],"the":[23,36,39,42,52,66,74,81,85,88,106,112,124,145,157],"cannot":[26],"be":[27],"distinguished":[28],"by":[29,73,105],"their":[30],"signatures":[31],"or":[32],"other":[33],"unique":[34],"characteristics,":[35],"correspondence":[37],"between":[38],"and":[41,84,127,133,141,152],"TOA":[43,94,109,125],"at":[45],"different":[46,91],"sensors":[47],"unknown,":[49],"which":[50,102],"makes":[51],"multi-source":[53],"problem":[55],"quite":[56],"challenging.":[57],"A":[58,115],"self-clustering":[59],"measurement":[60],"combination":[61,107],"method":[62,147],"proposed":[64],"for":[65],"problem.":[67],"source":[69],"location":[70,150],"estimate":[71],"obtained":[72],"hyperbolic":[75],"algorithm":[77,119],"used":[79],"as":[80,98],"clustering":[82,118],"pattern,":[83],"scatter":[86],"patterns":[89],"subsets":[92],"defined":[97],"a":[99],"criterion":[100],"function,":[101],"extremized":[104],"from":[111],"same":[113],"source.":[114],"three-step":[116],"heuristic":[117],"pursued":[121],"to":[122],"resolve":[123],"ambiguity,":[126],"its":[128],"mean":[129],"square":[130],"error":[131],"performance":[132],"computational":[134],"complexity":[135,154],"are":[136],"also":[137],"analyzed.":[138],"simulation":[140],"experiment":[142],"indicate":[143],"that":[144],"presented":[146],"has":[148],"higher":[149],"accuracy":[151],"lower":[153],"compared":[155],"with":[156],"existing":[158],"methods.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
