{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2949064684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2923320","title":"A Parallel Mode Optimized GPU Accelerated Monte Carlo Model for Light Propagation in 3-D Voxelized Bio-Tissues","display_name":"A Parallel Mode Optimized GPU Accelerated Monte Carlo Model for Light Propagation in 3-D Voxelized Bio-Tissues","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2949064684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2923320","mag":"2949064684"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2923320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2923320","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08737677.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08737677.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018016693","display_name":"Xiang Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9365-6882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200296433","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/02drdmm93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200296433"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200296433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100348478","display_name":"Hao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5995-515X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Media, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Media, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101436213","display_name":"Weichao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2623-0907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200296433","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/02drdmm93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200296433"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weichao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200296433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113572919","display_name":"Yingxin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1134-1794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200296433","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/02drdmm93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200296433"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingxin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200296433"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100416826","display_name":"Ting Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5145-3024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200296433","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/02drdmm93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200296433"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200296433"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018016693"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200296433"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.5141,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68180024,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"81593","last_page":"81598"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12015","display_name":"Photoacoustic and Ultrasonic Imaging","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.872727632522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7655490040779114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.727382242679596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.718459963798523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cuda","display_name":"CUDA","score":0.5515560507774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.5176635384559631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.4924536645412445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4501967430114746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3988136053085327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.26147568225860596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13912257552146912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08906131982803345}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.872727632522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7655490040779114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.727382242679596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.718459963798523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778119891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477690","display_name":"CUDA","level":2,"score":0.5515560507774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.5176635384559631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.4924536645412445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4501967430114746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3988136053085327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.26147568225860596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13912257552146912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08906131982803345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2923320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2923320","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08737677.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:05acca05e6c1433b85d70d3a566e1432","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/05acca05e6c1433b85d70d3a566e1432","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 81593-81598 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2923320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2923320","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08737677.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1023919524","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1064764950","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"C2001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2055583515","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB1302305","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2196856118","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B13003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2233305419","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18JCZDJC32700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2283734803","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B13003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3435950671","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"and Gr","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3949319355","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB1300301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020255992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4239758471","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB1302305","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4350698136","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61675039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G466649759","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017Y","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4811743277","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFC","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G549408352","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Z191100010618004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5760752404","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Projects","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5854786607","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Tianjin","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7429600474","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7745351369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFC2001101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8285303736","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB1300301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8340078520","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YF","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8823009050","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8851445243","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01061","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8955107213","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Major","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2949064684.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2949064684.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493935035","https://openalex.org/W2013492930","https://openalex.org/W2020439550","https://openalex.org/W2025564775","https://openalex.org/W2042547774","https://openalex.org/W2062768925","https://openalex.org/W2070113093","https://openalex.org/W2084447368","https://openalex.org/W2095734710","https://openalex.org/W2111725465","https://openalex.org/W2116253700","https://openalex.org/W2121992182","https://openalex.org/W2142800165","https://openalex.org/W2163686748","https://openalex.org/W2166163757","https://openalex.org/W2169523701","https://openalex.org/W2465505234","https://openalex.org/W2543176106","https://openalex.org/W2618591258","https://openalex.org/W2753346798","https://openalex.org/W2885305604","https://openalex.org/W6677168553"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3062287","https://openalex.org/W2380390332","https://openalex.org/W2742145873","https://openalex.org/W3189307731","https://openalex.org/W2949962288","https://openalex.org/W2364686214","https://openalex.org/W1428699136","https://openalex.org/W1998560227","https://openalex.org/W2085873709","https://openalex.org/W2599666286"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Monte":[0,51],"Carlo":[1,52],"simulation":[2,53,80],"is":[3,69,98],"a":[4,41,113],"precise":[5],"method":[6],"to":[7,20,48],"model":[8,44,97,104,111],"light":[9],"propagation":[10],"in":[11,54],"bio-tissues":[12],"and":[13,74,89,105],"has":[14],"been":[15],"considered":[16],"the":[17,22,29,34,50,59,66,90,94],"golden":[18],"standard":[19],"estimate":[21],"result":[23],"of":[24,61,65,79,93],"other":[25],"computation":[26,31],"methods.":[27],"But":[28],"huge":[30],"burden":[32],"limited":[33],"application.":[35],"In":[36],"this":[37],"paper,":[38],"we":[39],"propose":[40],"parallel":[42,67],"computing":[43],"using":[45,72],"graphic":[46],"card":[47],"accelerate":[49],"3-D":[55,117],"voxelized":[56],"media":[57],"with":[58],"consideration":[60],"internal":[62],"refraction.":[63],"Optimization":[64],"mode":[68],"made":[70],"by":[71],"segmentations":[73],"offered":[75],"an":[76],"extra":[77],"boost":[78],"speed.":[81],"The":[82],"acceleration":[83,91],"efficiency":[84],"affecting":[85],"factors":[86],"are":[87],"investigated":[88],"rate":[92],"five":[95],"segmented":[96],"32.6":[99],"times":[100,107],"higher":[101,108],"than":[102,109],"non-GPU":[103],"1.66":[106],"non-optimized":[110],"for":[112],"real":[114],"human":[115],"head":[116],"structure":[118],"simulation.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}