{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2952394549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2923118","title":"Effects of Encoding Fields of Permanent Magnet Arrays on Image Quality in Low-Field Portable MRI Systems","display_name":"Effects of Encoding Fields of Permanent Magnet Arrays on Image Quality in Low-Field Portable MRI Systems","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2952394549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2923118","mag":"2952394549"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2923118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2923118","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08736735.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08736735.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102996814","display_name":"Jia Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-8870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-8870","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038352899","display_name":"Shao Ying Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3775-8205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shao Ying Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021932085","display_name":"Zhi Hua Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7289-2525"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Hua Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7289-2525","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042273602","display_name":"Wenwei Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1277-863X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenwei Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Systems, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Systems, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.2302,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79984421,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"80310","last_page":"80327"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10378","display_name":"Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10378","display_name":"Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11885","display_name":"MRI in cancer diagnosis","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11304","display_name":"Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnet","display_name":"Magnet","score":0.8145066499710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.7513605356216431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5529754161834717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linearity","display_name":"Linearity","score":0.5023717880249023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-coil","display_name":"Electromagnetic coil","score":0.4656102955341339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.4641757011413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homogeneity","display_name":"Homogeneity (statistics)","score":0.45762500166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-strength","display_name":"Field strength","score":0.4391762614250183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3600584864616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.35820460319519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-magnetic-resonance","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","score":0.34029078483581543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3240409195423126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.23786523938179016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.23621690273284912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.22076639533042908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14911559224128723}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16389437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11421","display_name":"Magnet","level":2,"score":0.8145066499710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.7513605356216431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5529754161834717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77170095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753188","display_name":"Linearity","level":2,"score":0.5023717880249023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30403606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2981904","display_name":"Electromagnetic coil","level":2,"score":0.4656102955341339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.4641757011413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142259097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891314","display_name":"Homogeneity (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.45762500166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187309904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365197","display_name":"Field strength","level":3,"score":0.4391762614250183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3600584864616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.35820460319519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46141821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","level":1,"score":0.34029078483581543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3240409195423126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.23786523938179016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.23621690273284912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.22076639533042908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14911559224128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2923118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2923118","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08736735.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarbank.nus.edu.sg:10635/206384","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/206384","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052290","display_name":"National University of Singapore","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scopus OA2019","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3ed8d7422de544e39c6589caadca0de9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3ed8d7422de544e39c6589caadca0de9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 80310-80327 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2923118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2923118","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08736735.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2952394549.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2952394549.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1934241079","https://openalex.org/W1969636933","https://openalex.org/W1989991896","https://openalex.org/W1994835794","https://openalex.org/W2025286387","https://openalex.org/W2043098997","https://openalex.org/W2058359806","https://openalex.org/W2082025849","https://openalex.org/W2082886608","https://openalex.org/W2085094728","https://openalex.org/W2105527551","https://openalex.org/W2111388536","https://openalex.org/W2117237746","https://openalex.org/W2132518315","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2141653848","https://openalex.org/W2146226563","https://openalex.org/W2155608922","https://openalex.org/W2163956387","https://openalex.org/W2217051974","https://openalex.org/W2274656955","https://openalex.org/W2766816760","https://openalex.org/W2899610136","https://openalex.org/W2901895600","https://openalex.org/W2913811412","https://openalex.org/W2936279877","https://openalex.org/W2980682705","https://openalex.org/W4233764193","https://openalex.org/W4245420686","https://openalex.org/W4249760698","https://openalex.org/W6758089971"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1999392235","https://openalex.org/W2075537321","https://openalex.org/W2055668825","https://openalex.org/W2059493168","https://openalex.org/W2371593620","https://openalex.org/W2156037511","https://openalex.org/W2572678357","https://openalex.org/W2019481703","https://openalex.org/W2024930283","https://openalex.org/W2023858428"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low-cost":[0],"and":[1,29,49,72,79,94,118,125,169,238,250,278],"portable":[2],"magnetic":[3,22,283],"resonance":[4],"imaging":[5,10],"(MRI)":[6],"may":[7],"make":[8],"this":[9,135],"modality":[11],"more":[12,264],"accessible.":[13],"Permanent-magnet-array":[14],"is":[15,76,99,107,161,172,189],"an":[16,70,83],"option":[17],"to":[18,101,114,150,163,174,191,241],"supply":[19],"a":[20,63,234,291],"static":[21,282],"field":[23,37,89,96,284],"(B-field)":[24],"with":[25,295],"portability,":[26],"low":[27,36],"cost,":[28],"no":[30],"power":[31],"consumption.":[32],"However,":[33,127],"it":[34,40,110,128],"has":[35,129],"strength.":[38],"Moreover,":[39,185],"does":[41],"not":[42,53,130,255],"have":[43],"linear":[44],"gradients,":[45],"thus":[46],"the":[47,50,56,88,102,116,137,140,151,154,165,176,193,197,200,206,210,214,218,227,231,243,247,251,258,268,271,275,281,288],"signals":[48],"images":[51],"are":[52,61,147,222],"linked":[54],"by":[55,69],"Fourier":[57],"transformation":[58],"as":[59],"they":[60],"in":[62,85,233],"conventional":[64],"system.":[65],"The":[66],"B-field":[67],"generated":[68],"array":[71,145],"called":[73],"spatial-encoding-magnetic-field":[74],"(SEM),":[75],"spatially":[77],"non-linear":[78],"always":[80],"on.":[81],"Such":[82],"SEM,":[84],"terms":[86],"of":[87,139,153,179,196,202,209,213,230,270,274,280],"strength,":[90],"direction,":[91],"homogeneity,":[92],"pattern":[93,97],"its":[95],"variation,":[98],"related":[100],"image":[103,123,167,183,248],"quality.":[104],"This":[105,224],"relation":[106,245],"crucial":[108],"because":[109],"can":[111,254],"be":[112],"used":[113],"guide":[115,257],"magnet":[117,144,259,276],"system":[119,294],"design":[120,265,269],"for":[121],"high":[122],"quality":[124,201,249],"portability.":[126,297],"been":[131],"systematically":[132],"studied.":[133],"In":[134],"paper,":[136],"characteristics":[138,229],"SEMs":[141,181,198,232],"from":[142],"different":[143],"designs":[146,260],"identified.":[148],"Due":[149],"non-linearity":[152],"SEMs,":[155,211],"local":[156,170],"structural":[157],"similarity":[158],"(SSIM)":[159],"index":[160],"proposed":[162],"evaluate":[164],"region-dependent":[166,177],"quality,":[168],"k-space":[171],"applied":[173,190],"analyze":[175,192,242],"effects":[178,208],"these":[180],"on":[182,199],"reconstruction.":[184],"point":[186],"spread":[187],"function":[188],"overall":[194],"effect":[195],"reconstructed":[203],"images.":[204],"Besides":[205],"intrinsic":[207],"those":[212],"external":[215],"factors,":[216],"e.g.":[217],"receive":[219],"coil":[220],"sensitivity,":[221],"analyzed.":[223],"study":[225],"identifies":[226],"unique":[228,244],"permanent-magnet-array-based":[235],"MRI":[236,293],"system,":[237],"offers":[239],"methods":[240],"between":[246],"field.":[252],"It":[253],"only":[256],"but":[261],"also":[262],"trigger":[263],"ideas,":[266],"e.g.,":[267],"mechanical":[272],"movement":[273],"array,":[277],"that":[279],"shimming":[285],"coils,":[286],"paving":[287],"way":[289],"towards":[290],"low-field":[292],"practical":[296]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}