{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2950150812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2922995","title":"Multiple Fingerprints-Based Indoor Localization via GBDT: Subspace and RSSI","display_name":"Multiple Fingerprints-Based Indoor Localization via GBDT: Subspace and RSSI","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2950150812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2922995","mag":"2950150812"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2922995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2922995","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08736877.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08736877.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100658862","display_name":"Weigang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5524-2849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weigang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunication, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunication, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100455316","display_name":"Tao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5333-0586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunication, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunication, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027573871","display_name":"Wenrui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0091-881X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenrui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunication, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunication, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047172513","display_name":"Zhenzhen Tu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7836-9866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenzhen Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunication, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunication, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100658862"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.5733,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83586714,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"80519","last_page":"80529"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subspace-topology","display_name":"Subspace topology","score":0.8153903484344482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7818648815155029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.615719199180603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5749796032905579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.527996301651001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4887790381908417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4735381007194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.46744880080223083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-subspace","display_name":"Signal subspace","score":0.44903916120529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-strength","display_name":"Signal strength","score":0.4348500967025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3410784602165222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21962162852287292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.181892991065979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.11826631426811218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07606133818626404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.8153903484344482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7818648815155029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.615719199180603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5749796032905579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.527996301651001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4887790381908417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4735381007194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.46744880080223083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777121530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512739","display_name":"Signal subspace","level":4,"score":0.44903916120529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176808163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105794","display_name":"Signal strength","level":3,"score":0.4348500967025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3410784602165222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21962162852287292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.181892991065979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.11826631426811218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07606133818626404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2922995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2922995","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08736877.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:51f1fa8dad5246aa8dd13896c05d0c68","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/51f1fa8dad5246aa8dd13896c05d0c68","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 80519-80529 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2922995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2922995","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08736877.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.5899999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7020868720","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"14KJA510003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329893","funder_display_name":"Key University Science Research Project of Jiangsu Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321605","display_name":"Government of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/004svx814"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323268","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324852","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329893","display_name":"Key University Science Research Project of Jiangsu Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2950150812.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2950150812.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1637458466","https://openalex.org/W2000433025","https://openalex.org/W2014758824","https://openalex.org/W2128190945","https://openalex.org/W2133874683","https://openalex.org/W2143228105","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2168821867","https://openalex.org/W2240192984","https://openalex.org/W2242023454","https://openalex.org/W2290207474","https://openalex.org/W2309512289","https://openalex.org/W2567370096","https://openalex.org/W2603651050","https://openalex.org/W2743883069","https://openalex.org/W2746750595","https://openalex.org/W2756340466","https://openalex.org/W2767490744","https://openalex.org/W2776252545","https://openalex.org/W2790166149","https://openalex.org/W2793043725","https://openalex.org/W2794091565","https://openalex.org/W2807828346","https://openalex.org/W2844065342","https://openalex.org/W2890356171","https://openalex.org/W2891686060","https://openalex.org/W2892446952","https://openalex.org/W2894509708","https://openalex.org/W2906189698","https://openalex.org/W2962978694","https://openalex.org/W2963873260","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6690274725","https://openalex.org/W6745992912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2379264914","https://openalex.org/W2153912708","https://openalex.org/W2118094278","https://openalex.org/W2639400695","https://openalex.org/W3126343058","https://openalex.org/W2949173582","https://openalex.org/W2089410207","https://openalex.org/W4300048032","https://openalex.org/W2367577754","https://openalex.org/W2387532542"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,72,172],"demand":[1],"for":[2],"accurate":[3,151],"indoor":[4,19,56],"localization":[5,20,189],"has":[6],"become":[7],"more":[8,10],"and":[9,61,81,88,103,164,167,188],"urgent":[11],"in":[12,54],"location-based":[13],"services":[14],"(LBS).":[15],"Since":[16],"the":[17,55,65,78,82,91,95,99,104,107,159,177,192],"traditional":[18,193],"is":[21,28,34],"based":[22,76],"on":[23,77],"a":[24,48,69,124,130],"single":[25,70],"fingerprint,":[26],"which":[27,127],"susceptible":[29],"to":[30,36,42,122,144],"environmental":[31],"changes,":[32],"it":[33,62],"hard":[35],"obtain":[37,123,181],"high":[38],"accuracy.":[39],"In":[40],"order":[41],"fill":[43],"this":[44],"gap,":[45],"we":[46,111,134],"propose":[47,112,135],"new":[49],"multiple":[50,73,146],"fingerprints":[51,74],"method":[52,179],"used":[53],"environment":[57],"without":[58],"extra":[59],"measurement,":[60],"can":[63,128,149,180],"reduce":[64,168],"uncertainty":[66],"caused":[67],"by":[68,153],"fingerprint.":[71],"are":[75],"signal":[79,84,92,102,108],"Subspace":[80,93,116],"received":[83,100],"strength":[85],"index":[86],"(RSSI)":[87],"others,":[89],"where":[90],"represents":[94,106],"characteristic":[96],"representation":[97],"of":[98,161,170],"array":[101],"RSSI":[105],"strength.":[109],"First,":[110],"an":[113],"algorithm":[114,137],"named":[115,138],"gradient":[117],"boost":[118],"decision":[119],"tree":[120],"(Subspace-GBDT)":[121],"strong":[125],"classifier,":[126],"make":[129],"successful":[131],"prediction.":[132],"Second,":[133],"another":[136],"double":[139],"threshold":[140,157,160],"assisted":[141],"mode":[142],"(DTAM)":[143],"combine":[145],"fingerprints.":[147],"It":[148],"achieve":[150],"prediction":[152],"setting":[154],"two":[155],"different":[156],"parameters,":[158],"samples":[162],"number":[163],"classifiers":[165],"number,":[166],"errors":[169],"matching.":[171],"experiment":[173],"results":[174],"show":[175],"that":[176],"proposed":[178],"higher":[182],"cumulative":[183],"distribution":[184],"function":[185],"(CDF)":[186],"value":[187],"accuracy":[190],"than":[191],"methods.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
