{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2976124544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2921375","title":"Brain-Controlled Adaptive Lower Limb Exoskeleton for Rehabilitation of Post-Stroke Paralyzed","display_name":"Brain-Controlled Adaptive Lower Limb Exoskeleton for Rehabilitation of Post-Stroke Paralyzed","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2976124544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2921375","mag":"2976124544"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2921375","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2921375","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08732331.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08732331.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001112663","display_name":"P G Vinoj","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129367976","display_name":"APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/04yn30r61","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129367976"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"P. G. Vinoj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Thiruvananthapuram, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Thiruvananthapuram, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129367976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010863209","display_name":"Sunil Jacob","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0911-7793"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunil Jacob","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Robotics, SCMS School of Engineering and Technology, Ernakulam, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Robotics, SCMS School of Engineering and Technology, Ernakulam, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082491697","display_name":"Varun G. Menon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3055-9900"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Varun G. Menon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SCMS School of Engineering and Technology, Ernakulam, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3055-9900","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SCMS School of Engineering and Technology, Ernakulam, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038569757","display_name":"Sreeja Rajesh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7485-5129"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sreeja Rajesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SCMS School of Engineering and Technology, Ernakulam, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SCMS School of Engineering and Technology, Ernakulam, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014860204","display_name":"Mohammad R. Khosravi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2029-5067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204490172","display_name":"Shiraz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04bxa3v83","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204490172"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Reza Khosravi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2029-5067","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204490172"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001112663"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129367976"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.6979,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":95,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9767195,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"132628","last_page":"132648"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exoskeleton","display_name":"Exoskeleton","score":0.9556432962417603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/headset","display_name":"Headset","score":0.9415894746780396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6104684472084045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rehabilitation","display_name":"Rehabilitation","score":0.5962107181549072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.535564124584198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.5285089612007141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.51402747631073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.42620849609375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.39649802446365356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.37576374411582947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.36764734983444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.23337942361831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.22730213403701782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.11785361170768738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-therapy","display_name":"Physical therapy","score":0.11611959338188171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.08868032693862915}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146549078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191944","display_name":"Exoskeleton","level":2,"score":0.9556432962417603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780657452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193170","display_name":"Headset","level":2,"score":0.9415894746780396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6104684472084045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819478","display_name":"Rehabilitation","level":2,"score":0.5962107181549072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.535564124584198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.5285089612007141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.51402747631073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.42620849609375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.39649802446365356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.37576374411582947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.36764734983444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.23337942361831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.22730213403701782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.11785361170768738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.11611959338188171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.08868032693862915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2921375","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2921375","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08732331.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f9a828833ed8414a8b13e6331a9c24b5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f9a828833ed8414a8b13e6331a9c24b5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 132628-132648 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2921375","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2921375","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08732331.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2976124544.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2976124544.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1555994734","https://openalex.org/W1638736765","https://openalex.org/W1971140534","https://openalex.org/W1995506038","https://openalex.org/W2008359193","https://openalex.org/W2023228894","https://openalex.org/W2041998778","https://openalex.org/W2064301927","https://openalex.org/W2104564141","https://openalex.org/W2109065101","https://openalex.org/W2114327899","https://openalex.org/W2115138492","https://openalex.org/W2126013367","https://openalex.org/W2132020110","https://openalex.org/W2132360759","https://openalex.org/W2141885969","https://openalex.org/W2147854680","https://openalex.org/W2156498719","https://openalex.org/W2161117414","https://openalex.org/W2205134163","https://openalex.org/W2245739150","https://openalex.org/W2387755578","https://openalex.org/W2478630298","https://openalex.org/W2529120102","https://openalex.org/W2535478165","https://openalex.org/W2549575075","https://openalex.org/W2560658395","https://openalex.org/W2566849112","https://openalex.org/W2584260839","https://openalex.org/W2626852260","https://openalex.org/W2672900172","https://openalex.org/W2743161869","https://openalex.org/W2762932129","https://openalex.org/W2779725940","https://openalex.org/W2781124761","https://openalex.org/W2801220594","https://openalex.org/W2807418021","https://openalex.org/W2809189526","https://openalex.org/W2839319602","https://openalex.org/W2861373854","https://openalex.org/W2904357521","https://openalex.org/W2917527151","https://openalex.org/W3149679044","https://openalex.org/W3217805055","https://openalex.org/W4245649747","https://openalex.org/W6633459103","https://openalex.org/W6679555981"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2549567669","https://openalex.org/W104838418","https://openalex.org/W1532889363","https://openalex.org/W4292416459","https://openalex.org/W2894943710","https://openalex.org/W2997712664","https://openalex.org/W2808042781","https://openalex.org/W2216376285","https://openalex.org/W2952991285","https://openalex.org/W2611324559"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Stroke":[0],"is":[1,85,126,152,201,245,275,282],"a":[2,59,102,137,163,251],"standout":[3],"amongst":[4],"the":[5,12,20,51,56,65,71,78,81,110,130,146,156,167,177,180,209,213,224,229,233,248,256,262],"most":[6],"imperative":[7],"reasons":[8],"of":[9,22,41,55,62,80,148,179,197,212,271],"incapacity":[10],"on":[11,116,123,228,266],"planet.":[13],"Due":[14],"to":[15,26,47,50,88,128,145,155,193,261],"partial":[16],"or":[17,92],"full":[18],"paralysis,":[19],"majority":[21],"patients":[23],"are":[24,113,206],"compelled":[25],"rely":[27],"upon":[28],"parental":[29],"figures":[30],"and":[31,183,244],"caregivers":[32,194],"in":[33,108,195],"residual":[34],"life.":[35],"With":[36],"post-stroke":[37],"rehabilitation,":[38],"different":[39],"types":[40],"assistive":[42],"technologies":[43],"have":[44,68],"been":[45],"proposed":[46,96,279],"offer":[48],"developments":[49],"influenced":[52],"body":[53,158,169],"parts":[54],"incapacitated.":[57],"In":[58],"large":[60],"portion":[61],"these":[63,99,239],"devices,":[64],"clients":[66],"neither":[67],"control":[69],"over":[70],"tasks":[72],"nor":[73],"can":[74,141],"get":[75],"feedback":[76,125],"concerning":[77],"status":[79,178],"exoskeleton.":[82],"Additionally,":[83],"there":[84],"no":[86],"arrangement":[87],"detect":[89],"user":[90,117,214,267],"movements":[91,112],"accidental":[93],"fall.":[94],"The":[95,134,150,171,199,220,235,253],"framework":[97],"tackles":[98],"issues":[100],"utilizing":[101],"brain-controlled":[103],"lower":[104],"limb":[105],"exoskeleton":[106,111,151,200],"(BCLLE)":[107],"which":[109,140,160,205,281],"controlled":[114,207],"based":[115,122,227,265],"intentions.":[118,268],"An":[119],"adaptive":[120],"mechanism":[121],"sensory":[124],"integrated":[127],"reduce":[129],"system":[131,173],"false":[132],"rate.":[133],"BCLLE":[135,172],"uses":[136],"flexible":[138],"design":[139],"be":[142],"customized":[143],"according":[144,154],"degree":[147],"disability.":[149],"modeled":[153],"human":[157,225],"anatomy,":[159],"makes":[161],"it":[162],"perfect":[164],"fit":[165],"for":[166],"affected":[168],"part.":[170],"also":[174],"automatically":[175],"identifies":[176],"paralyzed":[181],"person":[182],"transmits":[184],"information":[185],"securely":[186],"using":[187],"Novel-T":[188],"Symmetric":[189],"Encryption":[190],"Algorithm":[191],"(NTSA)":[192],"case":[196],"emergencies.":[198],"fitted":[202],"with":[203,215,247,277,286],"motors":[204,249,259],"by":[208],"brain":[210],"waves":[211],"an":[216],"electroencephalogram":[217],"(EEG)":[218],"headset.":[219],"EEG":[221],"headset":[222],"captures":[223],"intentions":[226],"signals":[230,240],"acquired":[231],"from":[232],"brain.":[234],"brain-computer":[236],"interface":[237],"converts":[238],"into":[241],"digital":[242],"data":[243],"interfaced":[246],"via":[250],"microcontroller.":[252],"microcontroller":[254],"controls":[255],"high":[257],"torque":[258],"connected":[260],"exoskeleton's":[263],"joints":[264],"Classification":[269],"accuracy":[270],"more":[272],"than":[273],"80%":[274],"obtained":[276],"our":[278],"method":[280],"much":[283],"higher":[284],"compared":[285],"all":[287],"existing":[288],"solutions.":[289]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}