{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2953599003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2921340","title":"The Folded Normal Distribution: A New Model for the Small-Scale Fading in Line-of-Sight (LOS) Condition","display_name":"The Folded Normal Distribution: A New Model for the Small-Scale Fading in Line-of-Sight (LOS) Condition","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2953599003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2921340","mag":"2953599003"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2921340","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2921340","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08732394.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08732394.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084054030","display_name":"Juan Reig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4541-9326"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juan Reig","raw_affiliation_strings":[", de , , , , , , , , , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4541-9326","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":", de , , , , , , , , , ,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057027877","display_name":"Vicent Miquel Rodrigo Pe\u00f1arrocha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8075-4851"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vicent Miquel Rodrigo Penarrocha","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035613596","display_name":"Lorenzo Rubio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3882-4673"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Rubio","raw_affiliation_strings":[", de , , , , , , , , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":", de , , , , , , , , , ,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113182265","display_name":"Maria Teresa Martinez-Ingles","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Teresa Martinez-Ingles","raw_affiliation_strings":[", de , , , , , , , , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":", de , , , , , , , , , ,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033851170","display_name":"Jos\u00e9\u2010Mar\u00eda Molina\u2010Garc\u00eda\u2010Pardo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6415-7363"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Maria Molina-Garcia-Pardo","raw_affiliation_strings":[", de , , , , , , , , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":", de , , , , , , , , , ,","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084054030"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.5487,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63793253,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"77328","last_page":"77339"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rician-fading","display_name":"Rician fading","score":0.8893663883209229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.768121600151062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line-of-sight","display_name":"Line-of-sight","score":0.6732438802719116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.5779415965080261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.5692618489265442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5609487295150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normal-distribution","display_name":"Normal distribution","score":0.5024631023406982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wishart-distribution","display_name":"Wishart distribution","score":0.47399938106536865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4671572744846344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.44410398602485657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.43403160572052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.42425987124443054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4224799871444702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4164084196090698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.39315223693847656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3745855689048767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.27774378657341003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.20654812455177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.1882687211036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.10442814230918884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.09377110004425049}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60472773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7331156","display_name":"Rician fading","level":4,"score":0.8893663883209229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.768121600151062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780928442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6553027","display_name":"Line-of-sight","level":2,"score":0.6732438802719116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.5779415965080261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.5692618489265442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5609487295150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102094743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133871","display_name":"Normal distribution","level":2,"score":0.5024631023406982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33962027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930697","display_name":"Wishart distribution","level":3,"score":0.47399938106536865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4671572744846344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44410398602485657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.43403160572052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.42425987124443054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4224799871444702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4164084196090698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.39315223693847656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3745855689048767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.27774378657341003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20654812455177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.1882687211036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.10442814230918884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.09377110004425049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2921340","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2921340","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08732394.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:db0915a03e994c4282353fd0c8bc6e7f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/db0915a03e994c4282353fd0c8bc6e7f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 77328-77339 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:riunet.upv.es:10251/144322","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10251/144322","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400639","display_name":"RiuNet (Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","host_organization_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2921340","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2921340","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08732394.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3272005463","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TEC2016-78028-C3-2-P","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326262","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Asuntos Econ\u00f3micos y Transformaci\u00f3n Digital, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G587042206","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TEC2017-86779-C2-2-R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326262","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Asuntos Econ\u00f3micos y Transformaci\u00f3n Digital, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6620581059","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TEC2016-78028-C3-2-P","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326262","display_name":"Ministerio de Asuntos Econ\u00f3micos y Transformaci\u00f3n Digital, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","ror":"https://ror.org/03sv46s19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2953599003.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2953599003.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494898816","https://openalex.org/W1541043295","https://openalex.org/W1576718945","https://openalex.org/W1699531664","https://openalex.org/W1985498278","https://openalex.org/W1990773734","https://openalex.org/W2024267771","https://openalex.org/W2024795872","https://openalex.org/W2073797145","https://openalex.org/W2085041866","https://openalex.org/W2086258274","https://openalex.org/W2107191493","https://openalex.org/W2107361117","https://openalex.org/W2109873234","https://openalex.org/W2116396809","https://openalex.org/W2138020668","https://openalex.org/W2139794367","https://openalex.org/W2158721346","https://openalex.org/W2165689099","https://openalex.org/W2219770862","https://openalex.org/W2287667484","https://openalex.org/W2299676078","https://openalex.org/W2406756487","https://openalex.org/W2493309683","https://openalex.org/W2568548648","https://openalex.org/W2604397246","https://openalex.org/W2678223665","https://openalex.org/W2781268259","https://openalex.org/W2808499605","https://openalex.org/W2908554792","https://openalex.org/W2962993622","https://openalex.org/W3123021807","https://openalex.org/W4243367687","https://openalex.org/W6629554356"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2172272784","https://openalex.org/W4386212472","https://openalex.org/W2144201814","https://openalex.org/W2108958692","https://openalex.org/W2995826996","https://openalex.org/W2072419077","https://openalex.org/W2982685408","https://openalex.org/W2948901907","https://openalex.org/W3005853908","https://openalex.org/W2979712489"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,24,32,117],"novel":[4],"form":[5],"of":[6,54,76,101,104,120],"the":[7,17,36,42,45,49,52,55,68,83,87,91,96,102,109],"folded":[8],"normal":[9],"(FN)":[10],"distribution":[11,81],"has":[12],"been":[13,64],"proposed":[14],"to":[15,86],"model":[16],"small-scale":[18],"fading":[19],"in":[20,31],"wireless":[21],"communications.":[22],"From":[23],"multiple-input":[25],"multiple-output":[26],"(MIMO)":[27],"measurement":[28],"campaign":[29],"conducted":[30],"lab":[33],"environment":[34],"with":[35,74,99],"line-of-sight":[37],"(LOS)":[38],"conditions":[39],"at":[40,108],"both":[41],"60":[43,110],"and":[44,58,73,106,111],"94":[46,112],"GHz":[47,113],"bands,":[48,114],"authors":[50],"obtain":[51],"parameters":[53,62],"Rician,":[56],"FN,":[57],"-":[59],"distributions.":[60],"These":[61],"have":[63],"calculated":[65],"by":[66],"using":[67,90],"least":[69],"square":[70],"(LS)":[71],"approximation":[72],"techniques":[75],"statistical":[77],"inference.":[78],"The":[79],"FN":[80],"provides":[82],"best":[84],"fitting":[85],"experimental":[88],"results":[89],"Kolmogorov-Smirnov":[92],"(K-S)":[93],"test":[94],"for":[95,116],"inferred":[97],"estimators":[98],"values":[100],"fulfillment":[103],"100%":[105],"69.82%":[107],"respectively,":[115],"significance":[118],"level":[119],"1%.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}