{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2949754230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2920980","title":"Detection and Classification of Pulmonary Nodules Using Convolutional Neural Networks: A Survey","display_name":"Detection and Classification of Pulmonary Nodules Using Convolutional Neural Networks: A Survey","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2949754230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2920980","mag":"2949754230"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2920980","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2920980","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08736217.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08736217.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020542342","display_name":"Patrice Monkam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3805-9457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrice Monkam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sino\u2013Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sino\u2013Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003777802","display_name":"Shouliang Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0977-1939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134419","display_name":"Neusoft (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02zc84r97","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shouliang Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neusoft Research of Intelligent Healthcare Technology, Company, Ltd., Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0977-1939","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neusoft Research of Intelligent Healthcare Technology, Company, Ltd., Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134419"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101874046","display_name":"He Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7343-5015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sino\u2013Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sino\u2013Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007745085","display_name":"Weiming Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiming Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Qianhai AnyCheck Information Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Qianhai AnyCheck Information Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021827481","display_name":"Yudong Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3868-0593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yudong Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deparment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deparment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100374757","display_name":"Wei Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9563-721X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164936912","display_name":"The University of Texas at El Paso","ror":"https://ror.org/04d5vba33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164936912"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164936912"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":8.8062,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":127,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98411522,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"78075","last_page":"78091"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.8848063945770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7578421831130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5904093384742737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.5490265488624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5400150418281555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-cancer","display_name":"Lung cancer","score":0.5196467638015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nodule","display_name":"Nodule (geology)","score":0.5080747604370117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.47872042655944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42444249987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.41835087537765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.40508878231048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.29555028676986694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.21091148257255554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2059541940689087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.8848063945770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7578421831130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5904093384742737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.5490265488624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5400150418281555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776256026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47912","display_name":"Lung cancer","level":2,"score":0.5196467638015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776731575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916245","display_name":"Nodule (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5080747604370117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.47872042655944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42444249987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.41835087537765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40508878231048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29555028676986694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.21091148257255554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2059541940689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2920980","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2920980","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08736217.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e2d51c9b8f2743c2b62dfbf7e79e870a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e2d51c9b8f2743c2b62dfbf7e79e870a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 78075-78091 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2920980","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2920980","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08736217.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5862476632","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u5f71\u50cf\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u5b66\u7684\u80ba\u764c\u9884\u540e\u6a21\u578b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61672146","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G596841954","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N172008008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6198905790","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"81671773","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334009","display_name":"Guangdong Provincial Pearl River Talents Program","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2949754230.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2949754230.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":92,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W130099911","https://openalex.org/W1408981388","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1871050032","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1986649315","https://openalex.org/W2045130698","https://openalex.org/W2052357865","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2107692993","https://openalex.org/W2134108967","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2185440705","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2292862470","https://openalex.org/W2301358467","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2419185176","https://openalex.org/W2523726602","https://openalex.org/W2531571306","https://openalex.org/W2533800772","https://openalex.org/W2550664648","https://openalex.org/W2558022040","https://openalex.org/W2561826551","https://openalex.org/W2563460317","https://openalex.org/W2579949149","https://openalex.org/W2584017349","https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2617445239","https://openalex.org/W2619001329","https://openalex.org/W2747530723","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2759790855","https://openalex.org/W2765452832","https://openalex.org/W2781660331","https://openalex.org/W2789362948","https://openalex.org/W2789956930","https://openalex.org/W2791260913","https://openalex.org/W2794022343","https://openalex.org/W2794187429","https://openalex.org/W2795396960","https://openalex.org/W2797461639","https://openalex.org/W2801761047","https://openalex.org/W2801761532","https://openalex.org/W2802087177","https://openalex.org/W2803094129","https://openalex.org/W2803760365","https://openalex.org/W2806118840","https://openalex.org/W2806695489","https://openalex.org/W2808686685","https://openalex.org/W2809254203","https://openalex.org/W2883529983","https://openalex.org/W2884008556","https://openalex.org/W2884787091","https://openalex.org/W2888397986","https://openalex.org/W2888848380","https://openalex.org/W2889646458","https://openalex.org/W2895971778","https://openalex.org/W2897755679","https://openalex.org/W2899912692","https://openalex.org/W2901352412","https://openalex.org/W2901602620","https://openalex.org/W2902159658","https://openalex.org/W2902261868","https://openalex.org/W2903335542","https://openalex.org/W2906111507","https://openalex.org/W2911605224","https://openalex.org/W2914939372","https://openalex.org/W2918039280","https://openalex.org/W2922172225","https://openalex.org/W2931742923","https://openalex.org/W2933170392","https://openalex.org/W2963313410","https://openalex.org/W2963488165","https://openalex.org/W2963635991","https://openalex.org/W2963777800","https://openalex.org/W2964227007","https://openalex.org/W2964337551","https://openalex.org/W3098977020","https://openalex.org/W3104246147","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6674914833","https://openalex.org/W6676102731","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6696788345","https://openalex.org/W6729798455","https://openalex.org/W6738290946","https://openalex.org/W6743731764","https://openalex.org/W6750123156","https://openalex.org/W6756361703","https://openalex.org/W6785410601"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3029198973","https://openalex.org/W2952813363","https://openalex.org/W4360783045"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"CT":[0],"screening":[1],"has":[2],"been":[3,52,69],"proven":[4],"to":[5,71,112,168,212,220],"be":[6],"effective":[7],"for":[8,109,132,161,223],"diagnosing":[9],"lung":[10,134,194],"cancer":[11],"at":[12],"its":[13],"early":[14,189],"manifestation":[15],"in":[16,78,147,176],"the":[17,24,27,43,99,107,128,164,188,204,209,214,225],"form":[18],"of":[19,30,45,89,102,120,144,166,193,216],"pulmonary":[20,76,148,173],"nodules,":[21],"thus":[22],"decreasing":[23],"mortality.":[25],"However,":[26],"exponential":[28],"increase":[29],"image":[31],"data":[32],"makes":[33],"their":[34,93,110],"accurate":[35],"assessment":[36],"a":[37,86,117],"very":[38],"challenging":[39],"task":[40],"given":[41],"that":[42,183,198],"number":[44],"radiologists":[46],"is":[47,139,181],"limited":[48],"and":[49,74,92,158,172,191],"they":[50],"have":[51,68,185],"overworked.":[53],"Recently,":[54],"numerous":[55],"methods,":[56],"especially":[57],"ones":[58],"based":[59],"on":[60],"deep":[61],"learning":[62],"with":[63,137,208],"convolutional":[64],"neural":[65],"network":[66],"(CNN),":[67],"developed":[70],"automatically":[72],"detect":[73],"classify":[75],"nodules":[77],"medical":[79,113,122,169,205],"images.":[80],"In":[81],"this":[82,199],"paper,":[83],"we":[84,96],"present":[85],"comprehensive":[87,142],"analysis":[88,150,171],"these":[90],"methods":[91],"performances.":[94],"First,":[95],"briefly":[97],"introduce":[98],"fundamental":[100],"knowledge":[101,211],"CNN":[103,167,217],"as":[104,106,125,127,219],"well":[105,126],"reasons":[108],"suitability":[111],"images":[114,123,170],"analysis.":[115],"Then,":[116],"brief":[118],"description":[119],"various":[121],"datasets,":[124],"environmental":[129],"setup":[130],"essential":[131],"facilitating":[133],"nodule":[135,149,174],"investigations":[136],"CNNs,":[138],"presented.":[140],"Furthermore,":[141],"overviews":[143],"recent":[145],"progress":[146],"using":[151],"CNNs":[152,184],"are":[153,178],"provided.":[154],"Finally,":[155],"existing":[156],"challenges":[157],"promising":[159],"directions":[160],"further":[162],"improving":[163,224],"application":[165],"assessment,":[175],"particular,":[177],"discussed.":[179],"It":[180],"shown":[182],"transformed":[186],"greatly":[187],"diagnosis":[190],"management":[192],"cancer.":[195],"We":[196],"believe":[197],"review":[200],"will":[201],"provide":[202],"all":[203],"research":[206],"communities":[207],"necessary":[210],"master":[213],"concept":[215],"so":[218],"utilize":[221],"it":[222],"overall":[226],"human":[227],"healthcare":[228],"system.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}