{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2945757489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2918196","title":"Spammer Detection and Fake User Identification on Social Networks","display_name":"Spammer Detection and Fake User Identification on Social Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2945757489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2918196","mag":"2945757489"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2918196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2918196","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08719906.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08719906.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054503056","display_name":"Faiza Masood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6783-0381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faiza Masood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009856134","display_name":"Ghana Ammad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghana Ammad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089600920","display_name":"Ahmad Almogren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8253-9709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Almogren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Cyber Security, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8253-9709","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Cyber Security, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059175047","display_name":"Assad Abbas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4233-053X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Assad Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4233-053X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070906928","display_name":"Hasan Ali Khattak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8198-9265"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasan Ali Khattak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068099757","display_name":"Ikram Ud Din","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8896-547X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801349156","display_name":"University of Haripur","ror":"https://ror.org/05vtb1235","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801349156"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ikram Ud Din","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8896-547X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801349156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057916222","display_name":"Mohsen Guizani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-8094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Guizani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering Department, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-8094","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001185870","display_name":"Mansour Zuair","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2490-5739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mansour Zuair","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":20.8074,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":112,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99322071,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"68140","last_page":"68152"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spamming","display_name":"Spamming","score":0.9173023700714111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7839152812957764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spambot","display_name":"Spambot","score":0.693406879901886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6248244047164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forum-spam","display_name":"Forum spam","score":0.5781385898590088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.572573184967041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.522901713848114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.5060877203941345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-network","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","score":0.4479411244392395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.43312615156173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.153090238571167}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158955206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83058","display_name":"Spamming","level":3,"score":0.9173023700714111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7839152812957764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127735637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2306702","display_name":"Spambot","level":4,"score":0.693406879901886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6248244047164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157310412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140915","display_name":"Forum spam","level":5,"score":0.5781385898590088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.572573184967041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.522901713848114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5060877203941345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4727928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164759","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","level":3,"score":0.4479411244392395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.43312615156173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.153090238571167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2918196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2918196","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08719906.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f57d71b2d85242b1a85a8f34b1a2ffc3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f57d71b2d85242b1a85a8f34b1a2ffc3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 68140-68152 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:qspace.qu.edu.qa:10576/36118","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10576/36118","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400014","display_name":"Qatar University QSpace (Qatar University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","host_organization_name":"Qatar University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2918196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2918196","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08719906.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2945757489.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2945757489.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9223698","https://openalex.org/W1929765742","https://openalex.org/W1998859960","https://openalex.org/W2020826871","https://openalex.org/W2085628363","https://openalex.org/W2116247756","https://openalex.org/W2118599520","https://openalex.org/W2183992204","https://openalex.org/W2246941863","https://openalex.org/W2295464403","https://openalex.org/W2322730640","https://openalex.org/W2471881951","https://openalex.org/W2480994267","https://openalex.org/W2528528009","https://openalex.org/W2530294484","https://openalex.org/W2540977243","https://openalex.org/W2547879817","https://openalex.org/W2561936245","https://openalex.org/W2582467618","https://openalex.org/W2591987426","https://openalex.org/W2736121960","https://openalex.org/W2753238662","https://openalex.org/W2765395712","https://openalex.org/W2768745333","https://openalex.org/W2769175814","https://openalex.org/W2770039499","https://openalex.org/W2773846232","https://openalex.org/W2777887828","https://openalex.org/W2802156006","https://openalex.org/W2901881888","https://openalex.org/W2906797549","https://openalex.org/W2916944933","https://openalex.org/W2962777114","https://openalex.org/W3099727075","https://openalex.org/W4253792751","https://openalex.org/W6640219249","https://openalex.org/W6728687934","https://openalex.org/W6759690558"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2018000323","https://openalex.org/W2006090454","https://openalex.org/W2095720311","https://openalex.org/W2403960249","https://openalex.org/W2898345088","https://openalex.org/W2080521416","https://openalex.org/W1937320931","https://openalex.org/W1502194589","https://openalex.org/W4293384513","https://openalex.org/W1965586806"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Social":[0],"networking":[1,36],"sites":[2,37],"engage":[3],"millions":[4],"of":[5,52,63,69,78,106,122,128,132,142,157,168,244],"users":[6,81,86,97,111,134],"around":[7],"the":[8,45,64,104,120,126,169,178,230,242],"world.":[9],"The":[10,33,203],"users'":[11],"interactions":[12],"with":[13],"these":[14],"social":[15,35,147],"sites,":[16],"such":[17,213],"as":[18,214],"Twitter":[19,136,170,248],"and":[20,26,54,72,130,199,223],"Facebook":[21],"have":[22,38],"a":[23,41,49,139,155,166,235,252],"tremendous":[24],"impact":[25],"occasionally":[27],"undesirable":[28],"repercussions":[29],"for":[30,44,58,160,238],"daily":[31],"life.":[32],"prominent":[34],"turned":[39],"into":[40],"target":[42],"platform":[43],"spammers":[46,129,162],"to":[47,85,87,110,184,240],"disperse":[48],"huge":[50],"amount":[51,77],"irrelevant":[53],"deleterious":[55],"information.":[56],"Twitter,":[57],"example,":[59],"has":[60,115,137],"become":[61,138],"one":[62],"most":[65],"extravagantly":[66],"used":[67,159],"platforms":[68],"all":[70],"times":[71],"therefore":[73],"allows":[74],"an":[75],"unreasonable":[76],"spam.":[79],"Fake":[80],"send":[82],"undesired":[83],"tweets":[84],"promote":[88],"services":[89],"or":[90],"websites":[91],"that":[92,117,176,229],"not":[93],"only":[94],"affect":[95],"legitimate":[96],"but":[98],"also":[99,207],"disrupt":[100],"resource":[101,237],"consumption.":[102],"Moreover,":[103,165],"possibility":[105],"expanding":[107],"invalid":[108],"information":[109],"through":[112],"fake":[113,133,187,201],"identities":[114],"increased":[116],"results":[118],"in":[119,144,196,247],"unrolling":[121],"harmful":[123],"content.":[124],"Recently,":[125],"detection":[127,172,250],"identification":[131],"on":[135,163,181,192,210,251],"common":[140],"area":[141],"research":[143],"contemporary":[145],"online":[146],"Networks":[148],"(OSNs).":[149],"In":[150],"this":[151],"paper,":[152],"we":[153],"perform":[154],"review":[156],"techniques":[158,179,205],"detecting":[161],"Twitter.":[164],"taxonomy":[167],"spam":[171,190,195,249],"approaches":[173],"is":[174],"presented":[175,204,231],"classifies":[177],"based":[180,191,209],"their":[182],"ability":[183],"detect:":[185],"(i)":[186],"content,":[188],"(ii)":[189],"URL,":[193],"(iii)":[194],"trending":[197],"topics,":[198],"(iv)":[200],"users.":[202],"are":[206,227],"compared":[208],"various":[211],"features,":[212,216,218,220,222],"user":[215],"content":[217],"graph":[219],"structure":[221],"time":[224],"features.":[225],"We":[226],"hopeful":[228],"study":[232],"will":[233],"be":[234],"useful":[236],"researchers":[239],"find":[241],"highlights":[243],"recent":[245],"developments":[246],"single":[253],"platform.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}