{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2944486122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2915792","title":"Denial of Firewalling Attacks (DoF): The Case Study of the Emerging BlackNurse Attack","display_name":"Denial of Firewalling Attacks (DoF): The Case Study of the Emerging BlackNurse Attack","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2944486122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2915792","mag":"2944486122"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2915792","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2915792","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08710298.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08710298.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011728448","display_name":"Zouheir Trabelsi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8686-8975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zouheir Trabelsi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060751754","display_name":"Safaa Zeidan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Safaa Zeidan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4298-6483","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035177276","display_name":"Kadhim Hayawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8092-4590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kadhim Hayawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.5994,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84729361,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"61596","last_page":"61609"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.8568188548088074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.8144923448562622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7616621255874634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firewall","display_name":"Firewall (physics)","score":0.6631914973258972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-layer-ddos-attack","display_name":"Application layer DDoS attack","score":0.6064296960830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-security","display_name":"Network security","score":0.5129203796386719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.49797892570495605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.20758044719696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.14266231656074524}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.8568188548088074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.8144923448562622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7616621255874634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77714075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5452017","display_name":"Firewall (physics)","level":5,"score":0.6631914973258972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120865594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Application layer DDoS attack","level":4,"score":0.6064296960830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.5129203796386719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.49797892570495605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.20758044719696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.14266231656074524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183915046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1316152","display_name":"Charged black hole","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104062141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2601295","display_name":"Extremal black hole","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2915792","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2915792","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08710298.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:21fbfb754d6d445c9e7f90a397914814","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/21fbfb754d6d445c9e7f90a397914814","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 61596-61609 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2915792","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2915792","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08710298.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2944486122.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2944486122.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W641746438","https://openalex.org/W1966598757","https://openalex.org/W1987460050","https://openalex.org/W2075274830","https://openalex.org/W2106155062","https://openalex.org/W2112208179","https://openalex.org/W2118179895","https://openalex.org/W2128120508","https://openalex.org/W2132616214","https://openalex.org/W2142208964","https://openalex.org/W2150740451","https://openalex.org/W2166271320","https://openalex.org/W2170202072","https://openalex.org/W2341144004","https://openalex.org/W2554936816","https://openalex.org/W2587827963","https://openalex.org/W2811214316","https://openalex.org/W2886042450","https://openalex.org/W6607334089"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2360429410","https://openalex.org/W2204131204","https://openalex.org/W2383770723","https://openalex.org/W2898696280","https://openalex.org/W2958385475","https://openalex.org/W2921433547","https://openalex.org/W2783466926","https://openalex.org/W4286539397","https://openalex.org/W2370216173","https://openalex.org/W3091388705"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditional":[0],"Distributed":[1],"Denial":[2],"of":[3,17,48,60,89,150],"Service":[4],"(DDoS)":[5],"attacks":[6,19,43,91],"usually":[7],"flood":[8],"network":[9,25],"targets":[10],"with":[11,56,196],"malicious":[12,49],"traffic.":[13,50],"Recently,":[14],"new":[15],"types":[16],"DDoS":[18,39],"have":[20],"emerged":[21],"and":[22,30,92,103,118,125,141,148,205,209,224],"target":[23],"specifically":[24],"security":[26],"devices,":[27],"mainly":[28],"firewalls":[29,124],"intrusion":[31],"prevention":[32],"systems":[33],"(IPS).":[34],"In":[35],"contrast":[36],"to":[37,76,96,170,185,216],"traditional":[38],"attacks,":[40],"these":[41],"emerging":[42,58],"use":[44],"a":[45,182],"low":[46],"volume":[47],"This":[51,81,106],"paper":[52,82,107,180],"is":[53,214],"concerned":[54],"solely":[55],"an":[57,168,192],"denial":[59],"firewalling":[61],"attack":[62,69,104,113,116,153,190,207],"(DoF),":[63],"called":[64],"the":[65,87,97,111,126,151,176,188,218],"BlackNurse":[66,112,189,226],"attack.":[67,177],"The":[68,128,146,212],"uses":[70],"specially":[71],"formatted":[72],"ICMP":[73],"error":[74],"messages":[75],"overwhelm":[77],"targeted":[78,98],"firewalls'":[79],"CPUs.":[80],"offers":[83],"detailed":[84],"insights":[85],"into":[86],"understanding":[88],"DoF":[90],"classifying":[93],"them":[94],"according":[95],"firewall":[99],"resources,":[100],"traffic":[101],"volume,":[102],"effect.":[105],"also":[108],"concentrates":[109],"on":[110,122,133,160,203],"principles,":[114],"practical":[115],"generation,":[117],"its":[119],"general":[120],"effect":[121],"impacted":[123],"networks.":[127],"performance":[129],"evaluations":[130],"are":[131,155,165],"conducted":[132,215],"commercial":[134],"grades,":[135],"namely,":[136],"Juniper":[137,161],"NetScreen":[138,162],"SSG":[139,163],"20":[140,164],"Cisco":[142],"ASA":[143],"5540":[144],"firewalls.":[145],"pros":[147],"cons":[149],"available":[152],"mitigations":[154],"discussed.":[156],"OS":[157],"screening":[158],"features":[159],"used,":[166],"for":[167],"example,":[169],"test":[171],"their":[172],"effectiveness":[173],"in":[174],"thwarting":[175],"Furthermore,":[178],"this":[179],"proposes":[181],"novel":[183],"mechanism":[184,220],"defend":[186],"against":[187,222],"using":[191],"early":[193],"rejection":[194],"rule":[195],"dynamic":[197],"activity":[198],"time":[199],"duration":[200],"that":[201],"depends":[202],"current":[204],"previous":[206],"statistics":[208],"severity":[210],"parameters.":[211],"evaluation":[213],"simulate":[217],"proposed":[219],"defense":[221],"novice":[223],"expert":[225],"attackers.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
