{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2943936216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2915604","title":"An Empirical Study on Competitive Crowdsource Software Development: Motivating and Inhibiting Factors","display_name":"An Empirical Study on Competitive Crowdsource Software Development: Motivating and Inhibiting Factors","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2943936216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2915604","mag":"2943936216"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2915604","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2915604","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08709685.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08709685.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035060678","display_name":"Inam Illahi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2750-6733"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Inam Illahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2750-6733","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024721944","display_name":"Hui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3267-6801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3267-6801","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076497507","display_name":"Qasim Umer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0237-3025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qasim Umer","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011678048","display_name":"Syed Anees Haider Zaidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1308-3859"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Anees Haider Zaidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management Science and Engineering, School of Management and Economics, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management Science and Engineering, School of Management and Economics, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.1872,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88761943,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"62042","last_page":"62057"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.9523085355758667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing-software-development","display_name":"Crowdsourcing software development","score":0.8940119743347168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6430501937866211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.6029422879219055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5562667846679688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.535470187664032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5125965476036072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.4903717041015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.48470091819763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.45821303129196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-analytics","display_name":"Software analytics","score":0.4408091604709625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-walkthrough","display_name":"Software walkthrough","score":0.42060309648513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.39388307929039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development-process","display_name":"Software development process","score":0.24250715970993042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-construction","display_name":"Software construction","score":0.16726195812225342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.08973142504692078}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.9523085355758667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32810761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17082146","display_name":"Crowdsourcing software development","level":5,"score":0.8940119743347168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6430501937866211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.6029422879219055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5562667846679688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.535470187664032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5125965476036072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4903717041015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.48470091819763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.45821303129196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171981572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554239","display_name":"Software analytics","level":5,"score":0.4408091604709625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46110900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11702993","display_name":"Software walkthrough","level":5,"score":0.42060309648513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.39388307929039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180152950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2904257","display_name":"Software development process","level":4,"score":0.24250715970993042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.16726195812225342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.08973142504692078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2915604","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2915604","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08709685.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:243695899a5e463a8331d163bc2393ab","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/243695899a5e463a8331d163bc2393ab","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 62042-62057 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2915604","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2915604","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08709685.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5196677375","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61690205","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G560904239","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u6587\u672c\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u63a8\u8350\u4e0e\u9519\u8bef\u53c2\u6570\u68c0\u6d4b\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61772071","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2943936216.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2943936216.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W306350471","https://openalex.org/W560881900","https://openalex.org/W1482574093","https://openalex.org/W1629759345","https://openalex.org/W1907282519","https://openalex.org/W1927004789","https://openalex.org/W1976220211","https://openalex.org/W1985399444","https://openalex.org/W2005920887","https://openalex.org/W2012172718","https://openalex.org/W2030793160","https://openalex.org/W2034321988","https://openalex.org/W2034628356","https://openalex.org/W2044679885","https://openalex.org/W2046406837","https://openalex.org/W2054834655","https://openalex.org/W2072601349","https://openalex.org/W2088291065","https://openalex.org/W2113342230","https://openalex.org/W2115374626","https://openalex.org/W2120244029","https://openalex.org/W2120983913","https://openalex.org/W2125929028","https://openalex.org/W2129579827","https://openalex.org/W2147994489","https://openalex.org/W2150090033","https://openalex.org/W2150213469","https://openalex.org/W2164529201","https://openalex.org/W2166838101","https://openalex.org/W2170899200","https://openalex.org/W2240322187","https://openalex.org/W2396177454","https://openalex.org/W2416219414","https://openalex.org/W2517653806","https://openalex.org/W2522186013","https://openalex.org/W2522508009","https://openalex.org/W2527660037","https://openalex.org/W2556298848","https://openalex.org/W2588367317","https://openalex.org/W2621385563","https://openalex.org/W2751663123","https://openalex.org/W2757404172","https://openalex.org/W2767932468","https://openalex.org/W2769519668","https://openalex.org/W2790091142","https://openalex.org/W2950627632","https://openalex.org/W4206457894","https://openalex.org/W4234754815","https://openalex.org/W6678117647","https://openalex.org/W6682338460"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2512762878","https://openalex.org/W2030793160","https://openalex.org/W162737300","https://openalex.org/W2520748299","https://openalex.org/W2033745466","https://openalex.org/W2520160102","https://openalex.org/W2046555014","https://openalex.org/W3131060711","https://openalex.org/W2548342535","https://openalex.org/W3125008079"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Crowdsourcing":[0],"is":[1,39,44,114,131,223],"gaining":[2],"more":[3,5,65,118,135,173],"and":[4,10,19,101,169,207,265],"popularity":[6],"among":[7],"the":[8,25,30,84,150,176,181,188,199,210,218,231,262,276],"academic":[9],"industrial":[11],"community.":[12],"Organizations":[13],"are":[14,64,153,172,259],"adopting":[15],"this":[16,77,80],"technological":[17],"advent":[18],"increasingly":[20],"crowdsourcing":[21,34,38,54,192,240,263],"their":[22,271],"tasks":[23,274],"to":[24,51,67,73,91,97,106,117,134,157,161,252,269,275],"unknown":[26],"individuals.":[27],"However,":[28],"in":[29,53,79,99,108,163,239],"context":[31],"of":[32,62,86,124,140,187,209,230],"competitive":[33],"software":[35,55,95,104,122,159,191,233,241,272],"development":[36,56,273],"(CCSD),":[37],"still":[40,224],"unexplored.":[41],"Too":[42],"little":[43],"presently":[45],"known":[46],"about":[47],"what":[48,60,93,102],"intricate":[49],"developers":[50,63,96,105,160],"participate":[52,98,107,162,237],"competitions.":[57,110,214],"Most":[58,229],"importantly,":[59],"kind":[61],"likely":[66],"participate?":[68],"Such":[69],"open":[70],"questions":[71],"remain":[72],"be":[74],"explored.":[75],"To":[76],"end,":[78],"paper,":[81],"we":[82,178],"present":[83],"results":[85,147,196,216],"an":[87,226],"empirical":[88],"study":[89],"conducted":[90],"investigate":[92],"motivates":[94],"CCSD":[100,204,221,277],"inhibits":[103],"such":[109],"An":[111],"online":[112],"questionnaire":[113],"sent":[115,133],"out":[116],"than":[119,136],"300":[120],"crowdsource":[121],"participants,":[123],"which":[125,141],"113":[126],"return":[127,143],"valid":[128,144],"responses.":[129,145],"It":[130],"also":[132,179],"150":[137],"industry":[138],"practitioners,":[139],"75":[142],"The":[146,194,215],"suggest":[148],"that":[149,198,220],"monetary":[151],"rewards":[152],"not":[154,236],"significantly":[155],"important":[156],"motivate":[158],"CCSD.":[164],"Instead,":[165],"learning,":[166],"social":[167],"contacts,":[168],"peer":[170],"recognition":[171],"important.":[174],"Besides":[175],"survey,":[177],"analyze":[180],"historical":[182],"data":[183],"collected":[184],"from":[185],"one":[186],"most":[189],"popular":[190],"platforms.":[193,278],"analysis":[195],"reveal":[197],"Pareto":[200],"principle":[201],"holds":[202],"for":[203,261],"as":[205],"well,":[206],"0.9%":[208],"participants":[211],"win":[212],"86%":[213],"support":[217],"premise":[219],"market":[222],"at":[225],"early":[227],"stage.":[228],"professional":[232],"engineers":[234],"do":[235],"seriously":[238],"development.":[242],"Therefore,":[243],"many":[244],"crowdsourced":[245],"tasks,":[246,249],"especially":[247],"complex":[248],"may":[250],"fail":[251],"receive":[253],"any":[254],"satisfying":[255],"submission.":[256],"These":[257],"findings":[258],"worthwhile":[260],"platforms":[264],"companies":[266],"who":[267],"want":[268],"outsource":[270]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}