{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2944648082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2914992","title":"A Multi-Biometric System Based on Feature and Score Level Fusions","display_name":"A Multi-Biometric System Based on Feature and Score Level Fusions","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2944648082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2914992","mag":"2944648082"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2914992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2914992","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08708906.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08708906.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037833300","display_name":"Waziha Kabir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0704-6645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waziha Kabir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0704-6645","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068820891","display_name":"M. Omair Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2924-6659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Omair Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2924-6659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013967994","display_name":"M.N.S. Swamy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3989-5476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. N. S. Swamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3989-5476","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.0901,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94879197,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"59437","last_page":"59450"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.8315936326980591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.7553248405456543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.7065778970718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.702518105506897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6651665568351746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6549683809280396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.5265141725540161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5185332894325256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.4790724217891693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.46154171228408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.4423774778842926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint-recognition","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","score":0.42956164479255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.357413113117218}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.8315936326980591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.7553248405456543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.7065778970718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.702518105506897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6651665568351746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6549683809280396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.5265141725540161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5185332894325256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.4790724217891693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.46154171228408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.4423774778842926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168406668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","level":3,"score":0.42956164479255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.357413113117218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2914992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2914992","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08708906.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca:986013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400871","display_name":"Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","host_organization_name":"Concordia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7dfd29802c0f49eeac441f5edcf21716","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7dfd29802c0f49eeac441f5edcf21716","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 59437-59450 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2914992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2914992","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08708906.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2944648082.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2944648082.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1512367887","https://openalex.org/W1523682477","https://openalex.org/W1585588639","https://openalex.org/W1613978410","https://openalex.org/W1873119277","https://openalex.org/W1965914109","https://openalex.org/W1984263024","https://openalex.org/W1992392048","https://openalex.org/W1994788465","https://openalex.org/W2005046886","https://openalex.org/W2010846950","https://openalex.org/W2026974073","https://openalex.org/W2027463020","https://openalex.org/W2044862799","https://openalex.org/W2047825359","https://openalex.org/W2053081306","https://openalex.org/W2061272711","https://openalex.org/W2063138744","https://openalex.org/W2063424920","https://openalex.org/W2065542602","https://openalex.org/W2068999607","https://openalex.org/W2076289456","https://openalex.org/W2078136378","https://openalex.org/W2087425379","https://openalex.org/W2097826102","https://openalex.org/W2115969720","https://openalex.org/W2121175495","https://openalex.org/W2123460005","https://openalex.org/W2132559658","https://openalex.org/W2136885397","https://openalex.org/W2154628171","https://openalex.org/W2161291303","https://openalex.org/W2165956633","https://openalex.org/W2185365184","https://openalex.org/W2253605759","https://openalex.org/W2290886416","https://openalex.org/W2322900820","https://openalex.org/W2396140704","https://openalex.org/W2405680777","https://openalex.org/W2415226946","https://openalex.org/W2511019053","https://openalex.org/W2590678187","https://openalex.org/W2790644461","https://openalex.org/W2791311407","https://openalex.org/W2799408155","https://openalex.org/W2806571788","https://openalex.org/W2907819165"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4233349824","https://openalex.org/W3014822659","https://openalex.org/W4362496757","https://openalex.org/W2566091814","https://openalex.org/W4389371618","https://openalex.org/W2051501574","https://openalex.org/W2117826006","https://openalex.org/W2114937328","https://openalex.org/W2148654711","https://openalex.org/W4200422973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,54,157],"general,":[1],"the":[2,67,75,90,97,100,110,118,122,138,142,148,152,155,171,191,194,203,228,233,238,244,249],"information":[3],"of":[4,24,56,99,109,147,193,202,219,222],"multiple":[5],"biometric":[6,27],"modalities":[7,111,124],"is":[8,77,154,179,225],"fused":[9,126],"at":[10,36,80,117,127],"a":[11,25,37,45,60,164,220],"single":[12,38,204],"level,":[13,39,84,87],"for":[14,115,150],"example,":[15],"score":[16,86,139],"level":[17,129,205],"or":[18],"feature":[19,83,119],"level.":[20,120],"The":[21],"recognition":[22,92],"accuracy":[23],"multimodal":[26],"system":[28,230],"may":[29,43],"not":[30],"be":[31,113],"improved":[32],"by":[33,51,130],"carrying":[34],"fusion":[35,62,71,76,116,144,196,206,235],"since":[40],"one":[41],"matcher":[42,68],"provide":[44],"performance":[46,98,153,192,240],"lower":[47],"than":[48],"that":[49,146,201,227],"provided":[50],"other":[52],"matchers.":[53],"view":[55],"this,":[57],"we":[58,95,136],"propose":[59],"new":[61,165,245],"scheme,":[63,72,207],"referred":[64,168],"to":[65,88,105,159,169],"as":[66,170,198,200],"performance-based":[69],"(MPb)":[70],"in":[73,103,217],"which":[74,108,151],"carried":[78],"out":[79,107,161],"two":[81],"levels,":[82],"and":[85,189,212,248],"improve":[89],"overall":[91],"accuracy.":[93],"First,":[94],"consider":[96],"individual":[101],"matchers":[102],"order":[104,158],"find":[106],"should":[112],"used":[114],"Then,":[121],"selected":[123],"are":[125,215],"this":[128,162],"utilizing":[131],"their":[132],"encoded":[133],"features.":[134],"Next,":[135],"fuse":[137],"obtained":[140],"from":[141],"feature-level":[143],"with":[145,209],"modality":[149],"highest.":[156],"carry":[160],"fusion,":[163],"normalization":[166,177,211,246],"technique":[167,247],"overlap":[172],"extrema-variation-based":[173],"anchored":[174],"min-max":[175],"(OEVBAMM)":[176],"technique,":[178],"also":[180],"proposed.":[181],"By":[182],"considering":[183],"three":[184],"modalities,":[185],"namely,":[186],"fingerprint,":[187],"palmprint,":[188],"earprint,":[190],"proposed":[195,234],"scheme":[197,236],"well":[199],"both":[208],"various":[210],"weighting":[213,251],"techniques":[214],"evaluated":[216],"terms":[218],"number":[221],"metrics.":[223],"It":[224],"shown":[226],"multi-biometric":[229],"based":[231],"on":[232],"provides":[237],"best":[239],"when":[241],"it":[242],"employs":[243],"confidence-based":[250],"(CBW)":[252],"method.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}