{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2944599236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2914929","title":"Real-Time Detection of Apple Leaf Diseases Using Deep Learning Approach Based on Improved Convolutional Neural Networks","display_name":"Real-Time Detection of Apple Leaf Diseases Using Deep Learning Approach Based on Improved Convolutional Neural Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2944599236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2914929","mag":"2944599236"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2914929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2914929","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08706936.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08706936.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038504786","display_name":"Peng Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2642-1949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89652312","display_name":"Northwest A&F University","ror":"https://ror.org/0051rme32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peng Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101772502","display_name":"Yuehan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3603-9842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89652312","display_name":"Northwest A&F University","ror":"https://ror.org/0051rme32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuehan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100395453","display_name":"Bin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9388-0198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89652312","display_name":"Northwest A&F University","ror":"https://ror.org/0051rme32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Perception and Intelligent Service, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9388-0198","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Perception and Intelligent Service, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083017878","display_name":"Dongjian He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8074-7571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89652312","display_name":"Northwest A&F University","ror":"https://ror.org/0051rme32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongjian He","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079029790","display_name":"Chunquan Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3569-6998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151987","display_name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/05ckt8b96","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89652312","display_name":"Northwest A&F University","ror":"https://ror.org/0051rme32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunquan Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3569-6998","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151987","https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038504786"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":96.7665,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":853,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99978917,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"59069","last_page":"59080"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12660","display_name":"Plant Disease Management Techniques","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10825","display_name":"Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7294354438781738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7157564759254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6805274486541748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concatenation","display_name":"Concatenation (mathematics)","score":0.6585609912872314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6489138007164001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaf-spot","display_name":"Leaf spot","score":0.6118617653846741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rust","display_name":"Rust (programming language)","score":0.5507881045341492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47290170192718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/horticulture","display_name":"Horticulture","score":0.13809549808502197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12574097514152527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.07277241349220276}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7294354438781738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7157564759254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6805274486541748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87619178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126002","display_name":"Concatenation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6585609912872314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6489138007164001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780034373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508875","display_name":"Leaf spot","level":2,"score":0.6118617653846741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197781089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575650","display_name":"Rust (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5507881045341492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47290170192718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.13809549808502197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12574097514152527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.07277241349220276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2914929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2914929","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08706936.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2cabde7fd4904dbf8a4a06dfca9bb5ec","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2cabde7fd4904dbf8a4a06dfca9bb5ec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 59069-59080 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2914929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2914929","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08706936.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G20578512","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61402375","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3197146756","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2452016081","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3537447568","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017CFB592","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5762183991","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016BSHEDZZ121","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326174","funder_display_name":"Shaanxi Province Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6102154529","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2201810712291","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324531","funder_display_name":"Northwest A and F University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7642186078","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2452015194","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G840486853","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017M613216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8986463622","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61602388","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324531","display_name":"Northwest A and F University","ror":"https://ror.org/0051rme32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326174","display_name":"Shaanxi Province Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1966971005","https://openalex.org/W1980475594","https://openalex.org/W2014408679","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2077653178","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2124075590","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2319902369","https://openalex.org/W2473156356","https://openalex.org/W2512419914","https://openalex.org/W2519116646","https://openalex.org/W2561572938","https://openalex.org/W2579985080","https://openalex.org/W2589650048","https://openalex.org/W2593776451","https://openalex.org/W2607056758","https://openalex.org/W2612844455","https://openalex.org/W2624147939","https://openalex.org/W2714342494","https://openalex.org/W2730129132","https://openalex.org/W2731165298","https://openalex.org/W2735962203","https://openalex.org/W2737200254","https://openalex.org/W2753403518","https://openalex.org/W2758216428","https://openalex.org/W2775383661","https://openalex.org/W2776705292","https://openalex.org/W2782796222","https://openalex.org/W2789255992","https://openalex.org/W2795843756","https://openalex.org/W2796442970","https://openalex.org/W2798757724","https://openalex.org/W2804426336","https://openalex.org/W2805772477","https://openalex.org/W2963058975","https://openalex.org/W2963418726","https://openalex.org/W3100931193","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W6639204139","https://openalex.org/W6678072610","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6733958627","https://openalex.org/W6734296095","https://openalex.org/W6736691335","https://openalex.org/W6740559024","https://openalex.org/W6785652829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3195990835","https://openalex.org/W2151540098","https://openalex.org/W3082331691","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W2087388951","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2563351447","https://openalex.org/W2082117693","https://openalex.org/W2951211570"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Alternaria":[0],"leaf":[1,16,67,74,107,160,204],"spot,":[2,4,7],"Brown":[3],"Mosaic,":[5],"Grey":[6],"and":[8,30,84,97,122,148,217],"Rust":[9],"are":[10],"five":[11,157],"common":[12,158],"types":[13],"of":[14,33,41,65,81,134,137,174,183,202,211],"apple":[15,21,34,43,66,73,106,139,159,203],"diseases":[17,35,205,213],"that":[18,52,111,166,189,206],"severely":[19],"affect":[20],"yield.":[22],"However,":[23],"the":[24,38,42,62,72,118,127,141,167,190,199],"existing":[25],"research":[26],"lacks":[27],"an":[28],"accurate":[29],"fast":[31],"detector":[32],"for":[36,61,198],"ensuring":[37],"healthy":[39],"development":[40],"industry.":[44],"This":[45],"paper":[46],"proposes":[47],"a":[48,104,132,171,180,195],"deep":[49],"learning":[50],"approach":[51],"is":[53,79,91,114,152],"based":[54],"on":[55,102,177],"improved":[56],"convolutional":[57],"neural":[58],"networks":[59],"(CNNs)":[60],"real-time":[63,209],"detection":[64,109,172,210,219],"diseases.":[68,161],"In":[69],"this":[70],"paper,":[71],"disease":[75,108],"dataset":[76,133],"(ALDD),":[77],"which":[78],"composed":[80],"laboratory":[82],"images":[83,86,136],"complex":[85],"under":[87,126],"real":[88],"field":[89],"conditions,":[90],"first":[92],"constructed":[93],"via":[94],"data":[95],"augmentation":[96],"image":[98],"annotation":[99],"technologies.":[100],"Based":[101],"this,":[103],"new":[105],"model":[110,151,169,193],"uses":[112],"deep-CNNs":[113],"proposed":[115,142],"by":[116],"introducing":[117],"GoogLeNet":[119],"Inception":[120,146],"structure":[121],"Rainbow":[123,149],"concatenation.":[124],"Finally,":[125],"hold-out":[128],"testing":[129],"dataset,":[130],"using":[131],"26,377":[135],"diseased":[138],"leaves,":[140],"INAR-SSD":[143,168,192],"(SSD":[144],"with":[145,179,214],"module":[147],"concatenation)":[150],"trained":[153],"to":[154],"detect":[155],"these":[156,212],"The":[162,186],"experimental":[163],"results":[164,187],"show":[165],"realizes":[170],"performance":[173],"78.80%":[175],"mAP":[176],"ALDD,":[178],"high-detection":[181],"speed":[182,220],"23.13":[184],"FPS.":[185],"demonstrate":[188],"novel":[191],"provides":[194],"high-performance":[196],"solution":[197],"early":[200],"diagnosis":[201],"can":[207],"perform":[208],"higher":[215],"accuracy":[216],"faster":[218],"than":[221],"previous":[222],"methods.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":139},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":192},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":172},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":163},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":116},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-05-19T21:40:30.786675","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
