{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2941736282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2913428","title":"HitBoost: Survival Analysis via a Multi-Output Gradient Boosting Decision Tree Method","display_name":"HitBoost: Survival Analysis via a Multi-Output Gradient Boosting Decision Tree Method","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2941736282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2913428","mag":"2941736282"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2913428","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2913428","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08700177.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08700177.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100383827","display_name":"Pei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3795-6140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Big Data Research Center, and School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Big Data Research Center, and School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040530807","display_name":"Bo Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1632-028X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Big Data Research Center, and School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1632-028X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Big Data Research Center, and School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029827598","display_name":"Simon X. Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6888-7993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79817857","display_name":"University of Guelph","ror":"https://ror.org/01r7awg59","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon X. Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Robotics and Intelligent Systems (ARIS) Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Robotics and Intelligent Systems (ARIS) Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.131,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79465897,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"56785","last_page":"56795"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.9693999886512756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.9693999886512756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.92330002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.7768810987472534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7398248314857483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-boosting","display_name":"Gradient boosting","score":0.6714722514152527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.6529693603515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5540576577186584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5280694961547852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariate","display_name":"Covariate","score":0.45610126852989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.42077505588531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3960239291191101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.21902692317962646}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.7768810987472534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7398248314857483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.6714722514152527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.6529693603515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5540576577186584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5280694961547852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119043178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320723","display_name":"Covariate","level":2,"score":0.45610126852989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.42077505588531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3960239291191101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.21902692317962646}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2913428","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2913428","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08700177.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c7cfd84842be4ebaae8aa37558b75950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c7cfd84842be4ebaae8aa37558b75950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 56785-56795 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2913428","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2913428","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08700177.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6766436594","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017SZ0005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322922","funder_display_name":"Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322922","display_name":"Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province","ror":"https://ror.org/04323m874"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2941736282.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2941736282.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1580788756","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1983275696","https://openalex.org/W2000703258","https://openalex.org/W2005895632","https://openalex.org/W2011418498","https://openalex.org/W2027910983","https://openalex.org/W2038981426","https://openalex.org/W2043681863","https://openalex.org/W2052825782","https://openalex.org/W2078575863","https://openalex.org/W2084139018","https://openalex.org/W2110992644","https://openalex.org/W2115380778","https://openalex.org/W2129957127","https://openalex.org/W2143481518","https://openalex.org/W2148291626","https://openalex.org/W2189149359","https://openalex.org/W2190954851","https://openalex.org/W2334123193","https://openalex.org/W2556247010","https://openalex.org/W2753919178","https://openalex.org/W2782364997","https://openalex.org/W2789172526","https://openalex.org/W2795411881","https://openalex.org/W2891163688","https://openalex.org/W2895493709","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2922181508","https://openalex.org/W2963246719","https://openalex.org/W3147894994","https://openalex.org/W4399504081","https://openalex.org/W4399647672","https://openalex.org/W6679728998","https://openalex.org/W6682068783","https://openalex.org/W6687141316","https://openalex.org/W6749156665","https://openalex.org/W6755459668"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2967733078","https://openalex.org/W3204430031","https://openalex.org/W3137904399","https://openalex.org/W4310492845","https://openalex.org/W2885778889","https://openalex.org/W4310224730","https://openalex.org/W2766514146","https://openalex.org/W4289703016","https://openalex.org/W2885516856","https://openalex.org/W3094138326"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Survival":[0],"analysis,":[1],"in":[2,95,102,160,189,200],"many":[3],"areas":[4],"such":[5],"as":[6,212],"healthcare":[7],"and":[8,154,182,203],"finance,":[9],"mainly":[10],"studies":[11,184],"the":[12,17,55,62,67,79,116,120,131,135,139,148,151,155,161,166,175,192,195,207,224],"probability":[13,117],"of":[14,19,31,46,58,119,126,163,180],"time":[15,123],"to":[16,53,75,114,145,172,191,216,222],"event":[18],"interest.":[20],"Among":[21],"various":[22],"methods":[23,32,47],"that":[24],"build":[25,217],"survival":[26,64,81,107,218],"predictive":[27,65,82,219],"models,":[28,66],"a":[29,105],"class":[30,45],"combining":[33],"with":[34],"machine":[35],"learning":[36],"techniques":[37],"make":[38],"assumptions":[39,129],"about":[40,69,130],"hazard":[41,59,70],"functions,":[42],"while":[43],"another":[44],"directly":[48],"exploit":[49],"complex":[50,86],"neural":[51,87],"networks":[52,88],"learn":[54],"latent":[56],"representation":[57],"functions.":[60],"For":[61],"traditional":[63],"assumption":[68],"functions":[71],"restricts":[72],"their":[73],"performance":[74,202],"some":[76],"extends.":[77],"Similarly,":[78],"advanced":[80],"models":[83,220],"built":[84],"by":[85],"also":[89],"suffer":[90],"from":[91],"fairly":[92],"poor":[93],"interpretation":[94],"real":[96],"applications.":[97],"To":[98],"solve":[99],"these":[100],"problems,":[101],"this":[103],"paper,":[104],"novel":[106],"analysis":[108],"method":[109,215],"named":[110],"HitBoost":[111,137,197,208],"is":[112,198],"proposed":[113,136,196],"predict":[115],"distribution":[118],"first":[121],"hitting":[122],"(FHT).":[124],"Instead":[125],"making":[127],"any":[128],"underlying":[132,156],"stochastic":[133,157],"process,":[134],"adopts":[138],"multi-output":[140],"gradient":[141],"boosting":[142],"decision":[143],"tree":[144,164],"implicitly":[146],"capture":[147],"connections":[149],"between":[150],"static":[152],"covariate":[153],"process.":[158],"Furthermore,":[159],"process":[162],"boosting,":[165],"relevant":[167],"statistics":[168],"can":[169,209],"be":[170,210],"utilized":[171,211],"effectively":[173],"measure":[174],"feature":[176],"importance.":[177],"The":[178],"results":[179],"evaluations":[181],"case":[183],"on":[185],"benchmarks":[186],"show":[187],"that,":[188],"comparison":[190],"classical":[193],"methods,":[194],"superior":[199],"prediction":[201],"risk":[204],"discrimination.":[205],"Therefore,":[206],"an":[213],"effective":[214],"or":[221],"find":[223],"important":[225],"factors":[226],"for":[227],"cause-specific":[228],"failure.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
