{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2942336547","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2912273","title":"Spectrum Analysis of EEG Signals Using CNN to Model Patient\u2019s Consciousness Level Based on Anesthesiologists\u2019 Experience","display_name":"Spectrum Analysis of EEG Signals Using CNN to Model Patient\u2019s Consciousness Level Based on Anesthesiologists\u2019 Experience","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2942336547","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2912273","mag":"2942336547"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2912273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2912273","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08695791.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08695791.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114012760","display_name":"Quan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4956-5737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196699116","display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03fe7t173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Quan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4956-5737","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033383874","display_name":"Jifa Cai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196699116","display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03fe7t173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jifa Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040835437","display_name":"Shou\u2010Zen Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6849-8453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shou-Zen Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091511508","display_name":"Maysam Abbod","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8515-7933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","display_name":"Brunel University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn4t376","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maysam F. Abbod","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027079662","display_name":"Jiann-Shing Shieh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6407-5090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99908691","display_name":"Yuan Ze University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fv1ds98","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99908691"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiann-Shing Shieh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6407-5090","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99908691"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033171500","display_name":"Yu-Chen Kung","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchen Kung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lenovo Global Technology Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lenovo Global Technology Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100887537","display_name":"Longsong Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Longsong Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lenovo Global Technology Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lenovo Global Technology Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114012760"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.984,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96021215,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"53731","last_page":"53742"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9398000240325928,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9121000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.7294224500656128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5747882723808289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consciousness","display_name":"Consciousness","score":0.4895866811275482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3678382635116577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.21325460076332092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.11886325478553772}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.7294224500656128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5747882723808289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186720457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7087","display_name":"Consciousness","level":2,"score":0.4895866811275482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3678382635116577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.21325460076332092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.11886325478553772}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2912273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2912273","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08695791.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bura.brunel.ac.uk:2438/17962","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4956-5737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401473","display_name":"Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","host_organization_name":"Brunel University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7a05093fc3e345ad89e8599b7d2a5a3e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7a05093fc3e345ad89e8599b7d2a5a3e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 53731-53742 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:v-lib-bura1.brunel.ac.uk:2438/17962","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/17962","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401473","display_name":"Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","host_organization_name":"Brunel University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2912273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2912273","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08695791.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4789210397","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CSIST-095-V301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322960","funder_display_name":"Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4918531029","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51475342","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5307446979","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CSIST-095-V301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7998778470","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CSIST-095-V302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8002046459","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CSIST-095-V302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322960","funder_display_name":"Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322960","display_name":"Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/034ezwg26"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2942336547.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2942336547.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1199826943","https://openalex.org/W1544582742","https://openalex.org/W1551385975","https://openalex.org/W1968188452","https://openalex.org/W1973977212","https://openalex.org/W1986319466","https://openalex.org/W1991033480","https://openalex.org/W1991398524","https://openalex.org/W1998850687","https://openalex.org/W2003269031","https://openalex.org/W2008663998","https://openalex.org/W2033154814","https://openalex.org/W2045822626","https://openalex.org/W2057605146","https://openalex.org/W2057664005","https://openalex.org/W2069162366","https://openalex.org/W2080524127","https://openalex.org/W2105313428","https://openalex.org/W2108369046","https://openalex.org/W2113845154","https://openalex.org/W2120615054","https://openalex.org/W2137478377","https://openalex.org/W2138160374","https://openalex.org/W2141905629","https://openalex.org/W2146611287","https://openalex.org/W2152370373","https://openalex.org/W2153831862","https://openalex.org/W2156423497","https://openalex.org/W2162404643","https://openalex.org/W2163519033","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2308823036","https://openalex.org/W2413450690","https://openalex.org/W2529700114","https://openalex.org/W2557301950","https://openalex.org/W2564119502","https://openalex.org/W2604096629","https://openalex.org/W2616274621","https://openalex.org/W2619626121","https://openalex.org/W2726864513","https://openalex.org/W2750384459","https://openalex.org/W2773689216","https://openalex.org/W2810637863","https://openalex.org/W2891201238","https://openalex.org/W2949300694","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4367369823","https://openalex.org/W6627768505","https://openalex.org/W6715063708","https://openalex.org/W6787972765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2922348724","https://openalex.org/W200322357","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2130428257","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W4308951944","https://openalex.org/W2358668433"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,13,15,34,78,107,146,178,226,244],"the":[2,76,79,92,108,112,125,170,175,179,195,218,235,242],"most":[3],"challenging":[4],"predictive":[5],"data":[6],"analysis":[7],"efforts":[8],"is":[9,86,149,165],"an":[10,160,206,224],"accurate":[11],"prediction":[12,68],"depth":[14],"anesthesia":[16],"(DOA)":[17],"indicators":[18],"which":[19,204,240],"has":[20,132],"attracted":[21],"growing":[22],"attention":[23],"since":[24],"it":[25],"provides":[26],"patients":[27],"a":[28,71,83,103,144,216],"safe":[29],"surgical":[30],"environment":[31],"in":[32,111],"case":[33],"secondary":[35],"damage":[36],"caused":[37],"by":[38,237],"intraoperative":[39],"awareness":[40],"or":[41,52],"brain":[42,121,254],"injury.":[43],"However,":[44],"many":[45],"researchers":[46],"put":[47],"heavily":[48],"handcraft":[49],"feature":[50,55],"extraction":[51],"carefully":[53],"tailored":[54],"engineering":[56],"to":[57,60,167,184,193,233],"each":[58],"patient":[59],"achieve":[61],"very":[62],"high":[63,129,211],"sensitivity":[64],"and":[65,120,191,213],"low":[66],"false":[67],"rate":[69],"for":[70,98,151,169,252],"particular":[72],"dataset.":[73],"This":[74],"limits":[75],"benefit":[77],"proposed":[80],"approaches":[81],"if":[82],"different":[84,147],"dataset":[85],"used.":[87],"Recently,":[88],"representations":[89],"learned":[90],"using":[91],"deep":[93,140,231,245],"convolutional":[94],"neural":[95],"network":[96],"(CNN)":[97],"object":[99],"recognition":[100],"are":[101,189],"becoming":[102],"widely":[104],"used":[105,166],"model":[106,222],"processing":[109],"hierarchy":[110],"human":[113],"visual":[114],"system.":[115],"The":[116],"correspondence":[117],"between":[118],"models":[119,188],"signals":[122],"that":[123],"holds":[124],"acquired":[126],"activity":[127],"at":[128],"temporal":[130],"resolution":[131],"been":[133],"explored":[134],"less":[135],"exhaustively.":[136],"In":[137],"this":[138],"paper,":[139],"learning":[141,232],"CNN":[142,187,221,246],"with":[143,210,248],"range":[145],"architectures":[148],"designed":[150,190],"identifying":[152],"related":[153],"activities":[154],"from":[155,198],"raw":[156],"electroencephalography":[157],"(EEG).":[158],"Specifically,":[159],"improved":[161],"short-time":[162],"Fourier":[163],"transform":[164],"stand":[168],"time-frequency":[171],"information":[172],"after":[173],"extracting":[174],"spectral":[176],"images":[177],"original":[180],"EEG":[181,199],"as":[182,229],"input":[183],"CNN.":[185],"Then":[186],"trained":[192,220],"predict":[194],"DOA":[196,236],"levels":[197],"spectrum":[200],"without":[201],"handcrafted":[202],"features,":[203],"presents":[205],"intuitive":[207],"mapping":[208],"process":[209],"efficiency":[212],"reliability.":[214],"As":[215],"result,":[217],"best":[219],"achieved":[223],"accuracy":[225],"93.50%,":[227],"interpreted":[228],"CNN's":[230],"approximate":[234],"senior":[238],"anesthesiologists,":[239],"highlights":[241],"potential":[243],"combined":[247],"advanced":[249],"visualization":[250],"techniques":[251],"EEG-based":[253],"mapping.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}