{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2943598499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2911098","title":"Energy Efficient Mobile Service Computing With Differential Spintronic-C-Elements: A Logic-in-Memory Asynchronous Computing Paradigm","display_name":"Energy Efficient Mobile Service Computing With Differential Spintronic-C-Elements: A Logic-in-Memory Asynchronous Computing Paradigm","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2943598499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2911098","mag":"2943598499"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2911098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2911098","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08704210.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08704210.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108123794","display_name":"Ashkan Samiee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142934699","display_name":"California State University, Fullerton","ror":"https://ror.org/02avqqw26","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142934699"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashkan Samiee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Program, California State University at Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Program, California State University at Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142934699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041013734","display_name":"Yunchuan Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6064-3380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunchuan Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business School, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business School, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069017725","display_name":"Ronald F. DeMara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6864-7255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald F. Demara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101670666","display_name":"Yoon Suk Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3939-3505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142934699","display_name":"California State University, Fullerton","ror":"https://ror.org/02avqqw26","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142934699"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoonsuk Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Program, California State University at Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Program, California State University at Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142934699"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018409371","display_name":"Yu Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2303-1120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142934699","display_name":"California State University, Fullerton","ror":"https://ror.org/02avqqw26","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142934699"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Program, California State University at Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2303-1120","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Program, California State University at Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142934699"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.1168,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42817071,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"55851","last_page":"55860"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8161886930465698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-communication","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","score":0.6487784385681152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5271289944648743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5191428065299988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.5158588290214539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-circuit","display_name":"Asynchronous circuit","score":0.484937459230423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.48129454255104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.46433722972869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.34661343693733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.24960529804229736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1204652488231659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11987674236297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11187061667442322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronous-circuit","display_name":"Synchronous circuit","score":0.1091381311416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09871101379394531}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8161886930465698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.6487784385681152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5271289944648743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5191428065299988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.5158588290214539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87695204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629971","display_name":"Asynchronous circuit","level":5,"score":0.484937459230423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.48129454255104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.46433722972869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.34661343693733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.24960529804229736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1204652488231659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11987674236297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11187061667442322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42196554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1186179","display_name":"Synchronous circuit","level":4,"score":0.1091381311416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09871101379394531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137059387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426882","display_name":"Clock signal","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2911098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2911098","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08704210.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c5d9b05f7b0b46acb566899c1d238f77","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c5d9b05f7b0b46acb566899c1d238f77","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 55851-55860 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2911098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2911098","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08704210.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2943598499.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2943598499.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W236229050","https://openalex.org/W1825797228","https://openalex.org/W1963991276","https://openalex.org/W1980507265","https://openalex.org/W1986697603","https://openalex.org/W1989043209","https://openalex.org/W1995123938","https://openalex.org/W1995451961","https://openalex.org/W2000738254","https://openalex.org/W2007297935","https://openalex.org/W2012923077","https://openalex.org/W2034809602","https://openalex.org/W2046941979","https://openalex.org/W2048762589","https://openalex.org/W2088481695","https://openalex.org/W2121042698","https://openalex.org/W2124516187","https://openalex.org/W2130762228","https://openalex.org/W2144133653","https://openalex.org/W2162586752","https://openalex.org/W2167187517","https://openalex.org/W2293066912","https://openalex.org/W2545873087","https://openalex.org/W2611984554","https://openalex.org/W2770307449","https://openalex.org/W2781095682","https://openalex.org/W2785985841","https://openalex.org/W2792222535","https://openalex.org/W2805209699","https://openalex.org/W6647599173","https://openalex.org/W6672540876","https://openalex.org/W7075348695"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1948903516","https://openalex.org/W1993985975","https://openalex.org/W2146990170","https://openalex.org/W2187164010","https://openalex.org/W4312516786","https://openalex.org/W2085028021","https://openalex.org/W2138474603","https://openalex.org/W3094139610","https://openalex.org/W937897205","https://openalex.org/W2093992207"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"During":[0],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"researchers":[3],"throughout":[4],"academia":[5],"and":[6,14,38,76,81,94,104,136,153,176],"industry":[7],"have":[8],"been":[9],"advancing":[10],"the":[11,21,55,64,70,86,92,101,109,128,141,145,155,169,182,188,204,222,232],"theory,":[12],"designing,":[13],"applications":[15],"of":[16,23,57,73,88,144,231],"mobile":[17,29,49,162,235],"service":[18,30,50,163,236],"computing":[19,31,51,158],"through":[20],"Internet":[22],"Things":[24],"(IoT).":[25],"Research":[26],"interest":[27],"in":[28,63,78],"stems":[32],"from":[33,118],"its":[34],"performance,":[35],"security,":[36],"reliability,":[37],"power":[39,43,59,74,90,112],"consumption.":[40],"Hence,":[41],"ultra-low":[42,89,111],"integrated":[44,113],"circuits":[45],"are":[46,98,125],"essential":[47],"for":[48,60,160],"that":[52,66,168,203],"can":[53,115],"offer":[54],"advantages":[56],"low":[58],"computational":[61,95],"tasks":[62],"IoT":[65],"is":[67],"driven":[68],"by":[69,100],"restricting":[71],"constraints":[72,138],"consumption":[75],"autonomy":[77],"both":[79],"computation":[80],"idle":[82],"phases.":[83],"To":[84],"attain":[85,132,207],"benefits":[87,230],"circuits,":[91],"energy-consuming":[93],"intense":[96],"demands":[97],"imposed":[99],"underlying":[102],"processing":[103],"memory":[105],"devices":[106],"on":[107],"which":[108],"conventional":[110],"circuit":[114],"benefit":[116],"substantially":[117],"innovative":[119],"hardware":[120,146],"designs.":[121],"Logic-in-Memory":[122],"(LIM)":[123],"architectures":[124],"considered":[126],"as":[127],"potential":[129],"approaches":[130],"to":[131,181,213],"goals":[133],"within":[134],"area":[135],"energy":[137],"starting":[139],"with":[140,195],"lowest":[142],"layers":[143],"stack.":[147],"In":[148],"this":[149],"paper,":[150],"we":[151,191],"propose":[152],"implement":[154],"LIM":[156],"asynchronous":[157,185,205],"paradigm":[159],"energy-efficient":[161],"computing.":[164,237],"The":[165,199],"results":[166,201],"indicate":[167],"proposed":[170,223],"design":[171,224],"achieves":[172],"38%":[173],"leakage":[174],"reduction":[175],"30%":[177],"accuracy":[178],"improvement":[179],"compared":[180],"state-of-the-art":[183],"non-volatile":[184],"circuits.":[186],"At":[187],"system":[189],"level,":[190],"compare":[192],"our":[193],"designs":[194],"various":[196],"commercial":[197],"microprocessors.":[198],"experimental":[200],"show":[202],"processors":[206],"a":[208],"four-fold":[209],"throughput":[210],"increase":[211],"relative":[212],"their":[214],"synchronous":[215],"counterparts":[216],"under":[217],"these":[218],"operating":[219],"constraints.":[220],"Therefore,":[221],"offers":[225],"an":[226],"approach":[227],"toward":[228],"tangible":[229],"battery-constrained":[233],"embedded":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
