{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2941555400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2910081","title":"Comparison of PD and Breakdown Characteristics Induced by Metal Particles and Bubbles in Flowing Transformer Oil","display_name":"Comparison of PD and Breakdown Characteristics Induced by Metal Particles and Bubbles in Flowing Transformer Oil","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2941555400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2910081","mag":"2941555400"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2910081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2910081","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08686068.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08686068.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088429969","display_name":"Yongze Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6869-5687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongze Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052090099","display_name":"Ju Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ju Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080564197","display_name":"Cheng Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4735-5047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101531247","display_name":"Xinyu Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4975-6330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088429969"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.9177,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70826656,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"48098","last_page":"48108"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10511","display_name":"High voltage insulation and dielectric phenomena","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10511","display_name":"High voltage insulation and dielectric phenomena","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11343","display_name":"Power Transformer Diagnostics and Insulation","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer-oil","display_name":"Transformer oil","score":0.768039345741272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impurity","display_name":"Impurity","score":0.7462040185928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.704323410987854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5986577868461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-field","display_name":"Electric field","score":0.5938045978546143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breakdown-voltage","display_name":"Breakdown voltage","score":0.5839009284973145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.5412722229957581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.49085718393325806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.48687639832496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metal","display_name":"Metal","score":0.4657049775123596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partial-discharge","display_name":"Partial discharge","score":0.46209612488746643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.24286788702011108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2188917100429535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.15212467312812805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12165340781211853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metallurgy","display_name":"Metallurgy","score":0.11380937695503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181335627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901418","display_name":"Transformer oil","level":4,"score":0.768039345741272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71987851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7216430","display_name":"Impurity","level":2,"score":0.7462040185928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.704323410987854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5986577868461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60799052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46221","display_name":"Electric field","level":2,"score":0.5938045978546143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119321828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1267190","display_name":"Breakdown voltage","level":3,"score":0.5839009284973145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.5412722229957581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.49085718393325806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.48687639832496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544153396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11426","display_name":"Metal","level":2,"score":0.4657049775123596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130143024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929972","display_name":"Partial discharge","level":3,"score":0.46209612488746643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.24286788702011108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2188917100429535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.15212467312812805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12165340781211853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.11380937695503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2910081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2910081","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08686068.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4f69947a71f54a31b5dbb00ced1ef00a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4f69947a71f54a31b5dbb00ced1ef00a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 48098-48108 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2910081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2910081","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08686068.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4455469635","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51377181","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2941555400.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2941555400.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1839380620","https://openalex.org/W1958673841","https://openalex.org/W1975805138","https://openalex.org/W1977344313","https://openalex.org/W1989205822","https://openalex.org/W1998468459","https://openalex.org/W2070305145","https://openalex.org/W2070418863","https://openalex.org/W2070833212","https://openalex.org/W2071358226","https://openalex.org/W2084312760","https://openalex.org/W2085022557","https://openalex.org/W2088802328","https://openalex.org/W2094498317","https://openalex.org/W2108929535","https://openalex.org/W2117778996","https://openalex.org/W2119808242","https://openalex.org/W2138852531","https://openalex.org/W2138915140","https://openalex.org/W2147076083","https://openalex.org/W2157422065","https://openalex.org/W2158488588","https://openalex.org/W2168013531","https://openalex.org/W2169217800","https://openalex.org/W2315391874","https://openalex.org/W2415178106","https://openalex.org/W2513149931","https://openalex.org/W2546011382","https://openalex.org/W2553038147","https://openalex.org/W2553956812","https://openalex.org/W2557706747","https://openalex.org/W2568102864","https://openalex.org/W2791149978","https://openalex.org/W2883550674","https://openalex.org/W2897771366","https://openalex.org/W3157803976","https://openalex.org/W4246001900","https://openalex.org/W6794152062"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2547356418","https://openalex.org/W2576169531","https://openalex.org/W1896195385","https://openalex.org/W2111016113","https://openalex.org/W1967263392","https://openalex.org/W2151696947","https://openalex.org/W2384915350","https://openalex.org/W2127416104","https://openalex.org/W2034938621","https://openalex.org/W2128942485"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Metal":[0],"particles":[1,87,113,142,162],"and":[2,17,49,65,88,102,148,193],"bubbles":[3,89,124,167],"are":[4,24],"two":[5,181],"typical":[6],"impurities":[7,32,43,182,192],"in":[8,33,128],"transformer":[9,35,82],"oil":[10,83],"that":[11,110],"can":[12],"cause":[13],"partial":[14],"discharge":[15,177],"(PD)":[16],"even":[18],"electric":[19,197],"breakdown.":[20,172],"The":[21,78,107],"PD":[22,75,98,121],"characteristics":[23,178],"closely":[25],"related":[26],"to":[27,72,170],"the":[28,40,66,74,85,111,129,136,140,153,160,171,180,186,189,194],"motions":[29,41,190],"of":[30,42,81,95,188,191,196],"these":[31],"flowing":[34],"oil.":[36],"In":[37,93,158],"this":[38],"paper,":[39],"were":[44,90,105,183],"obtained":[45],"by":[46,69,139,156],"a":[47,50,62,144,149],"camera":[48],"simulation":[51],"model":[52],"at":[53],"first.":[54],"Then,":[55],"we":[56],"employed":[57],"three":[58],"methods,":[59],"namely,":[60],"antennas,":[61],"non-inductive":[63],"resistor,":[64],"method":[67],"recommended":[68],"IEC":[70],"60270,":[71],"measure":[73],"signals":[76,127],"simultaneously.":[77],"breakdown":[79,103],"experiments":[80],"containing":[84],"metal":[86,112,141,161],"also":[91],"performed.":[92],"terms":[94],"these,":[96],"single":[97],"waveforms,":[99],"statistical":[100],"characteristics,":[101],"voltage":[104],"obtained.":[106],"results":[108],"showed":[109],"could":[114],"excite":[115],"ultrahigh":[116],"frequency":[117],"(300":[118],"MHz-3":[119],"GHz)":[120],"signals,":[122],"whereas":[123,166],"only":[125],"excited":[126],"very":[130],"high-frequency":[131],"band":[132],"(30-300":[133],"MHz).":[134],"Moreover,":[135],"PDs":[137,154],"induced":[138,155],"had":[143],"higher":[145],"repetition":[146],"rate":[147],"smaller":[150],"amplitude":[151],"than":[152],"bubbles.":[157],"addition,":[159],"easily":[163,168],"caused":[164],"PD,":[165],"led":[169],"Possible":[173],"reasons":[174],"for":[175],"different":[176],"between":[179],"discussed":[184],"on":[185],"basis":[187],"distortions":[195],"field.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}