{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2941394127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2909761","title":"Robust 3D Indoor VLP System Based on ANN Using Hybrid RSS/PDOA","display_name":"Robust 3D Indoor VLP System Based on ANN Using Hybrid RSS/PDOA","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2941394127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2909761","mag":"2941394127"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2909761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2909761","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08684237.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08684237.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100600225","display_name":"Sheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8059-2269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8059-2269","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069615108","display_name":"Pengfei Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1096-8125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100418553","display_name":"Chen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2541-6283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2541-6283","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103632763","display_name":"Wen\u2010De Zhong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen-De Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012201418","display_name":"Arokiaswami Alphones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9040-9755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arokiaswami Alphones","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.0384,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":67,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94687015,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"47769","last_page":"47780"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rss","display_name":"RSS","score":0.9537158012390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.8090634346008301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8026279211044312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-system","display_name":"Positioning system","score":0.5400316119194031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5018019676208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4757135510444641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indoor-positioning-system","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","score":0.4670839309692383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assisted-living","display_name":"Assisted living","score":0.41347160935401917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3484684228897095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3245313763618469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0928657054901123}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2385561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45432","display_name":"RSS","level":2,"score":0.9537158012390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.8090634346008301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8026279211044312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778603505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning system","level":3,"score":0.5400316119194031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5018019676208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4757135510444641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777486483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6026477","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","level":3,"score":0.4670839309692383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018552312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315412","display_name":"Assisted living","level":2,"score":0.41347160935401917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3484684228897095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3245313763618469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0928657054901123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2909761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2909761","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08684237.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:57a6818011914c99ac0bdf5959e99930","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/57a6818011914c99ac0bdf5959e99930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 47769-47780 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/106313","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/106313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2909761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2909761","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08684237.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318804","display_name":"Delta Electronics","ror":"https://ror.org/04s3g5933"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2941394127.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2941394127.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1569512666","https://openalex.org/W1994689085","https://openalex.org/W2014627128","https://openalex.org/W2036204720","https://openalex.org/W2073808079","https://openalex.org/W2107093743","https://openalex.org/W2111566853","https://openalex.org/W2138857742","https://openalex.org/W2155482699","https://openalex.org/W2156876426","https://openalex.org/W2163890939","https://openalex.org/W2403864116","https://openalex.org/W2521497685","https://openalex.org/W2603071509","https://openalex.org/W2605985194","https://openalex.org/W2771874677","https://openalex.org/W2775676169","https://openalex.org/W2801253293","https://openalex.org/W2805610301","https://openalex.org/W2806913761","https://openalex.org/W2889597008","https://openalex.org/W2895735188","https://openalex.org/W2963071055","https://openalex.org/W3020976948","https://openalex.org/W6680300913","https://openalex.org/W6683161558","https://openalex.org/W6713440441"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2538316715","https://openalex.org/W2095730207","https://openalex.org/W2383599958","https://openalex.org/W4376163457","https://openalex.org/W2579348766","https://openalex.org/W3035614681","https://openalex.org/W2903896792","https://openalex.org/W4282920350","https://openalex.org/W3041790808","https://openalex.org/W3084526413"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Indoor":[0],"location-based":[1],"services":[2],"are":[3],"becoming":[4],"crucial":[5],"parts":[6],"of":[7,15,18,27,81,86,96,107,127,135,143],"smart":[8,10],"living,":[9],"manufacturing,":[11],"and":[12,30,45,65,118,131],"all":[13],"kinds":[14],"the":[16,28,71,101,105,125,133,136],"Internet":[17],"Things.":[19],"Visible":[20],"light-based":[21],"positioning":[22,51,66,138],"(VLP)":[23],"system":[24,41,139],"is":[25,74],"one":[26],"cost-efficient":[29],"RF":[31],"radiation-free":[32],"solutions.":[33],"However,":[34],"conventional":[35],"received":[36],"signal":[37],"strength":[38],"(RSS)-based":[39],"VLP":[40,90],"suffers":[42],"inaccurate":[43],"modeling":[44,64,80,130],"intensity":[46,108,144],"variations,":[47,109],"especially":[48],"in":[49,89],"3-D":[50],"cases.":[52],"Hence,":[53],"we":[54,110,123],"propose":[55],"an":[56],"artificial":[57],"neural":[58],"network":[59],"(ANN)-based":[60],"approach":[61,73],"for":[62],"accurate":[63,79],"with":[67],"on-site":[68,129],"data.":[69],"Likewise,":[70],"proposed":[72],"also":[75],"proved":[76],"applicable":[77],"to":[78],"initial":[82],"time":[83],"delay":[84],"distribution":[85],"LED":[87],"chips":[88],"systems":[91],"based":[92],"on":[93],"phase":[94],"differences":[95],"arrival":[97],"(PDOA).":[98],"To":[99],"improve":[100],"robustness":[102,134],"by":[103],"mitigating":[104],"impact":[106],"introduce":[111],"a":[112],"selection":[113],"strategy":[114],"utilizing":[115],"both":[116],"PDOA":[117],"RSS":[119],"measurements.":[120],"Through":[121],"simulations,":[122],"demonstrate":[124],"feasibility":[126],"ANN-based":[128],"present":[132],"hybrid":[137],"under":[140],"various":[141],"levels":[142],"variations.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2019-05-03T00:00:00"}