{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2928350711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2909401","title":"Deep Learning-Aided OCR Techniques for Chinese Uppercase Characters in the Application of Internet of Things","display_name":"Deep Learning-Aided OCR Techniques for Chinese Uppercase Characters in the Application of Internet of Things","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2928350711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2909401","mag":"2928350711"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2909401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2909401","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08681501.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08681501.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100724039","display_name":"Yue Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7793-634X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yue Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084565580","display_name":"Wei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1658-0236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Big Data Security and Intelligent Processing, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1658-0236","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Big Data Security and Intelligent Processing, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101913211","display_name":"Sheng Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4201-2005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100384175","display_name":"Jie Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5019-6393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jian Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4720-4102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4720-4102","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027367677","display_name":"Guan Gui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3888-2881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guan Gui","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3888-2881","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100724039"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.8371,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88515472,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"47043","last_page":"47049"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14319","display_name":"Currency Recognition and Detection","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8442736864089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.7044546604156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6869431734085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.666608452796936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.5830410718917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-characters","display_name":"Chinese characters","score":0.582114577293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5487459897994995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5158368945121765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.49274876713752747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.4901788830757141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.47622305154800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.45029258728027344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44283321499824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3216593265533447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.31991827487945557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.08938154578208923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.08027070760726929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8442736864089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.7044546604156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6869431734085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.666608452796936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.5830410718917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781051154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8201","display_name":"Chinese characters","level":2,"score":0.582114577293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5487459897994995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5158368945121765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.49274876713752747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4901788830757141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.47622305154800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.45029258728027344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44283321499824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3216593265533447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.31991827487945557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.08938154578208923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.08027070760726929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2909401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2909401","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08681501.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ebd71173d3274fbfbfa0ee226f8b0a27","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ebd71173d3274fbfbfa0ee226f8b0a27","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 47043-47049 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2909401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2909401","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08681501.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2797348676","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61701258","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3341018123","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RK002STP16001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4859168213","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CZ0010617002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5551855622","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RK002STP16001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323268","funder_display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323268","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324852","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2928350711.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2928350711.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521507823","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1978728856","https://openalex.org/W2010447843","https://openalex.org/W2147949073","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2293583529","https://openalex.org/W2495425901","https://openalex.org/W2561506904","https://openalex.org/W2579459456","https://openalex.org/W2755200181","https://openalex.org/W2766374614","https://openalex.org/W2783122307","https://openalex.org/W2783511163","https://openalex.org/W2793130454","https://openalex.org/W2793130752","https://openalex.org/W2794365014","https://openalex.org/W2798536919","https://openalex.org/W2806565062","https://openalex.org/W2808769300","https://openalex.org/W2810099362","https://openalex.org/W2810871807","https://openalex.org/W2891931318","https://openalex.org/W2892817998","https://openalex.org/W2892997729","https://openalex.org/W2895526696","https://openalex.org/W2896666719","https://openalex.org/W2897900918","https://openalex.org/W2898621197","https://openalex.org/W2900804979","https://openalex.org/W2901035786","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2962759292","https://openalex.org/W2963889719"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312612713","https://openalex.org/W2042634493","https://openalex.org/W2100798736","https://openalex.org/W2728450881","https://openalex.org/W2481236784","https://openalex.org/W4383748232","https://openalex.org/W2085262576","https://openalex.org/W2786227708","https://openalex.org/W4388089185","https://openalex.org/W4399528997"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optical":[0],"character":[1],"recognition":[2,42,69],"(OCR)":[3],"has":[4],"become":[5],"one":[6],"of":[7,29,43,76,114],"the":[8,27,41,44,57,77,103,109,141],"most":[9],"important":[10],"techniques":[11,35],"in":[12,40,112,122],"computer":[13],"vision,":[14],"given":[15],"that":[16],"it":[17],"can":[18],"easily":[19],"obtain":[20],"digital":[21],"information":[22],"from":[23],"various":[24],"images":[25],"on":[26,108],"Internet":[28],"Things":[30],"(IoT).":[31],"However,":[32],"existing":[33],"OCR":[34,65],"pose":[36],"a":[37,62,74,86,91,95,99,135],"big":[38],"challenge":[39],"Chinese":[45,78],"uppercase":[46,79],"characters":[47,80],"due":[48],"to":[49,55,81,124,139],"their":[50],"poor":[51],"performance.":[52],"In":[53],"order":[54,123],"solve":[56],"problem,":[58],"this":[59],"paper":[60],"proposes":[61],"deep":[63],"learning-aided":[64],"technique":[66],"for":[67],"improving":[68],"accuracy.":[70],"First,":[71],"we":[72,132],"generate":[73],"database":[75],"train":[82],"four":[83,104],"neural":[84,88],"networks:":[85],"convolution":[87],"network":[89,116,142],"(CNN),":[90],"visual":[92],"geometry":[93],"group,":[94],"capsule":[96],"network,":[97],"and":[98,118,128],"residual":[100],"network.":[101],"Second,":[102],"networks":[105],"are":[106],"tested":[107],"generated":[110],"dataset":[111],"terms":[113],"accuracy,":[115],"weight,":[117],"test":[119,126],"time.":[120],"Finally,":[121],"reduce":[125],"time":[127],"save":[129],"computational":[130],"resources,":[131],"also":[133],"develop":[134],"lightweight":[136],"CNN":[137],"method":[138],"prune":[140],"weight":[143],"by":[144,149],"96.5%":[145],"while":[146],"reducing":[147],"accuracy":[148],"no":[150],"more":[151],"than":[152],"1.26%.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
