{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2921312506","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2905133","title":"Assessment of Code Smell for Predicting Class Change Proneness Using Machine Learning","display_name":"Assessment of Code Smell for Predicting Class Change Proneness Using Machine Learning","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2921312506","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2905133","mag":"2921312506"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2905133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2905133","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08667419.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08667419.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026145961","display_name":"Nakul Pritam","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nakul Pritam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leading Pseudo Code Labs, Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leading Pseudo Code Labs, Delhi, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028897862","display_name":"Manju Khari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5395-5335"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manju Khari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, AIACTR, New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5395-5335","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, AIACTR, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008082871","display_name":"L\u00ea Ho\u00e0ng S\u01a1n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6356-0046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le Hoang Son","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6356-0046","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101714489","display_name":"Raghvendra Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1311-7585"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raghvendra Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, LNCT College, Jabalpur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, LNCT College, Jabalpur, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032295259","display_name":"Sudan Jha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0074-2584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67357951","display_name":"KIIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/00k8zt527","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67357951"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sudan Jha","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67357951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061139051","display_name":"Ishaani Priyadarshini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8826-8065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86501945","display_name":"University of Delaware","ror":"https://ror.org/01sbq1a82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ishaani Priyadarshini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079704928","display_name":"Mohamed Abdel\u2010Basset","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2794-3936"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192398990","display_name":"Zagazig University","ror":"https://ror.org/053g6we49","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192398990"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Abdel-Basset","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Operations Research and Decision Support, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2794-3936","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Operations Research and Decision Support, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192398990"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054222435","display_name":"Ho\u00e0ng Vi\u1ec7t Long","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141445968","display_name":"Ton Duc Thang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01drq0835","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141445968"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoang Viet Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6657-0653","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141445968"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":14.2169,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98723934,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"37414","last_page":"37425"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7997838258743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.7735140323638916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7509048581123352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.5748511552810669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-smell","display_name":"Code smell","score":0.5559883117675781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes-classifier","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","score":0.5330585241317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.47436389327049255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.4523636996746063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.44571423530578613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4361857771873474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","score":0.4220523536205292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.41609928011894226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.41427645087242126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.2974763512611389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.23973709344863892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.11797371506690979}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7997838258743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7735140323638916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7509048581123352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.5748511552810669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133237599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2295111","display_name":"Code smell","level":5,"score":0.5559883117675781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.5330585241317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.47436389327049255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4523636996746063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.44571423530578613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4361857771873474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.4220523536205292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.41609928011894226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.41427645087242126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.2974763512611389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.23973709344863892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.11797371506690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2905133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2905133","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08667419.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2eff92e86f8a48f09b3ec0f338ae42b5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2eff92e86f8a48f09b3ec0f338ae42b5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 37414-37425 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2905133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2905133","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08667419.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2921312506.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2921312506.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991172342","https://openalex.org/W2035390683","https://openalex.org/W2101526741","https://openalex.org/W2160506632","https://openalex.org/W2277619875","https://openalex.org/W2415003022","https://openalex.org/W2466744397","https://openalex.org/W2543900635","https://openalex.org/W2547211210","https://openalex.org/W2564490203","https://openalex.org/W2577322449","https://openalex.org/W2589119856","https://openalex.org/W2594575963","https://openalex.org/W2596214868","https://openalex.org/W2600957813","https://openalex.org/W2605932792","https://openalex.org/W2744105774","https://openalex.org/W2751807166","https://openalex.org/W2753425246","https://openalex.org/W2754460963","https://openalex.org/W2773239019","https://openalex.org/W2787379525","https://openalex.org/W2796404405","https://openalex.org/W2797042022","https://openalex.org/W2801912503","https://openalex.org/W2808949421","https://openalex.org/W2883287022","https://openalex.org/W2886553429"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076543106","https://openalex.org/W2804191478","https://openalex.org/W2019891950","https://openalex.org/W2085842814","https://openalex.org/W2523437662","https://openalex.org/W4387048144","https://openalex.org/W2492135063","https://openalex.org/W2362514456","https://openalex.org/W2766585573","https://openalex.org/W4387490624"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Assessment":[0],"of":[1,18,32,55,63,70,84,110,146,166],"code":[2,64,96,114,141,159],"smell":[3,65,97,142,160],"for":[4,48,98,183],"predicting":[5,99],"software":[6,19,152],"change":[7,68,101,111,138,168],"proneness":[8,102,112,139,169],"is":[9,58,79,161],"essential":[10],"to":[11,59,94,103,136],"ensure":[12],"its":[13],"significance":[14],"in":[15,27,39,74,107],"the":[16,30,36,50,61,67,80,88,108,174,185],"area":[17],"quality.":[20],"While":[21],"multiple":[22],"studies":[23],"have":[24,133],"been":[25,134],"conducted":[26],"this":[28,40,56,85,91],"regard,":[29],"number":[31],"systems":[33],"studied":[34],"and":[35,82,130,180],"methods":[37],"used":[38,135],"paper":[41,57,92],"are":[42,187],"quite":[43],"different,":[44],"thus,":[45],"causing":[46],"confusion":[47],"understanding":[49],"best":[51],"methodology.":[52],"The":[53,154,178],"objective":[54],"approve":[60],"effect":[62],"on":[66],"inclination":[69],"a":[71,75,144,163,192],"specific":[72],"class":[73,100,167],"product":[76],"framework.":[77],"This":[78],"novelty":[81],"surplus":[83],"work":[86],"against":[87],"others.":[89],"Furthermore,":[90],"aims":[93],"validate":[95],"find":[104],"an":[105],"error":[106],"prediction":[109],"using":[113,140],"smell.":[115],"Six":[116],"typical":[117],"machine":[118],"learning":[119],"algorithms":[120],"(Naive":[121],"Bayes":[122],"Classifier,":[123],"Multilayer":[124],"Perceptron,":[125],"LogitBoost,":[126],"Bagging,":[127],"Random":[128],"Forest,":[129],"Decision":[131],"Tree)":[132],"predict":[137],"from":[143],"set":[145],"8200":[147],"Java":[148],"classes":[149],"spanning":[150],"14":[151],"systems.":[153],"experimental":[155],"results":[156],"suggest":[157],"that":[158],"indeed":[162],"powerful":[164],"predictor":[165],"with":[170,191],"multilayer":[171],"perceptron":[172],"being":[173],"most":[175],"effective":[176],"technique.":[177],"sensitivity":[179],"specificity":[181],"values":[182],"all":[184],"models":[186],"well":[188],"over":[189],"70%":[190],"few":[193],"exceptions.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
