{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2920805549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2904800","title":"An Automated Diagnostic System for Heart Disease Prediction Based on ${\\chi^{2}}$ Statistical Model and Optimally Configured Deep Neural Network","display_name":"An Automated Diagnostic System for Heart Disease Prediction Based on ${\\chi^{2}}$ Statistical Model and Optimally Configured Deep Neural Network","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2920805549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2904800","mag":"2920805549"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2904800","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2904800","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08666632.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08666632.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108263231","display_name":"Liaqat Ali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154218","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Bannu","ror":"https://ror.org/04be2dn15","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154218"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liaqat Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Bannu, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3095-7271","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Bannu, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154218"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071063114","display_name":"Atiqur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0395-1779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154218","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Bannu","ror":"https://ror.org/04be2dn15","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154218"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atiqur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Bannu, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Bannu, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154218"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Aurangzeb Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154218","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Bannu","ror":"https://ror.org/04be2dn15","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154218"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aurangzeb Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Bannu, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Bannu, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154218"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065153516","display_name":"Mingyi Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3514-0372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyi Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066041117","display_name":"Ashir Javeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-3532"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashir Javeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070343465","display_name":"Javed Ali Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3306-1195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154218","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Bannu","ror":"https://ror.org/04be2dn15","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154218"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javed Ali Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Bannu, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Bannu, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154218"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":43.6866,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":298,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99808486,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"34938","last_page":"34945"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9811999797821045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9743000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.9823514819145203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7489506006240845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7459352016448975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.7010946869850159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6511828899383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.6108790636062622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4894627332687378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4150620698928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.36985594034194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33543187379837036}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.9823514819145203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7489506006240845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7459352016448975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.7010946869850159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6511828899383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.6108790636062622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4894627332687378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4150620698928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36985594034194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33543187379837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2904800","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2904800","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08666632.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4acf936834914ab7862d6cf60dee9d4e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4acf936834914ab7862d6cf60dee9d4e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 34938-34945 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2904800","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2904800","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08666632.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2920805549.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2920805549.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493519919","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1724442104","https://openalex.org/W1973994378","https://openalex.org/W2026841079","https://openalex.org/W2062302861","https://openalex.org/W2078590217","https://openalex.org/W2087304521","https://openalex.org/W2092964187","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2109293916","https://openalex.org/W2111508422","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2169143772","https://openalex.org/W2171949900","https://openalex.org/W2173730923","https://openalex.org/W2250033699","https://openalex.org/W2321931943","https://openalex.org/W2410326731","https://openalex.org/W2499509962","https://openalex.org/W2531733772","https://openalex.org/W2532144455","https://openalex.org/W2579725890","https://openalex.org/W2620656322","https://openalex.org/W2751330684","https://openalex.org/W2776897388","https://openalex.org/W2803098482","https://openalex.org/W4298491736","https://openalex.org/W4298857548","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6676746716"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4362597605","https://openalex.org/W1574414179","https://openalex.org/W3009056573","https://openalex.org/W4297676672","https://openalex.org/W2922073769","https://openalex.org/W4281702477","https://openalex.org/W2991587282","https://openalex.org/W4288018740","https://openalex.org/W3008919350","https://openalex.org/W3099765033"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Different":[0],"automated":[1],"decision":[2],"support":[3],"systems":[4],"based":[5],"on":[6,30,41,77],"artificial":[7],"neural":[8,119],"network":[9,88,120],"(ANN)":[10],"have":[11],"been":[12],"widely":[13],"proposed":[14,133,171,198],"for":[15,166],"the":[16,31,50,54,58,66,79,97,115,132,157,174,186,193,197],"detection":[17],"of":[18,26,33,45,49,60,131,156,177,192],"heart":[19,167,209],"disease":[20,168],"in":[21,95],"previous":[22],"studies.":[23],"However,":[24],"most":[25],"these":[27],"techniques":[28],"focus":[29,40],"preprocessing":[32],"features":[34,46,92],"only.":[35],"In":[36],"this":[37],"paper,":[38],"we":[39,104],"both,":[42],"i.e.,":[43,57,81],"refinement":[44],"and":[47,62,70,84,90,151,162],"elimination":[48],"problems":[51,59],"posed":[52],"by":[53,124,144,204],"predictive":[55],"model,":[56],"underfitting":[61],"overfitting.":[63],"By":[64],"avoiding":[65],"model":[67,113,135,172],"from":[68],"overfitting":[69,96],"underfitting,":[71],"it":[72],"can":[73,201],"show":[74],"good":[75],"performance":[76,147],"both":[78],"datasets,":[80],"training":[82,98],"data":[83],"testing":[85],"data.":[86,99],"Inappropriate":[87],"configuration":[89],"irrelevant":[91,102],"often":[93],"result":[94],"To":[100],"eliminate":[101],"features,":[103],"propose":[105],"to":[106,185,206],"use":[107],"\u03c7":[108,137],"<sup":[109,138],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[110,139],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[111,140],"statistical":[112],"while":[114],"optimally":[116],"configured":[117],"deep":[118],"(DNN)":[121],"is":[122,142],"searched":[123],"using":[125],"exhaustive":[126],"search":[127],"strategy.":[128],"The":[129,170,179,190],"strength":[130],"hybrid":[134],"named":[136],"-DNN":[141],"evaluated":[143],"comparing":[145],"its":[146],"with":[148],"conventional":[149],"ANN":[150],"DNN":[152],"models,":[153],"another":[154],"state":[155],"art":[158],"machine":[159],"learning":[160],"models":[161],"previously":[163,187],"reported":[164,188],"methods":[165],"prediction.":[169],"achieves":[173],"prediction":[175],"accuracy":[176],"93.33%.":[178],"obtained":[180],"results":[181],"are":[182],"promising":[183],"compared":[184],"methods.":[189],"findings":[191],"study":[194],"suggest":[195],"that":[196],"diagnostic":[199],"system":[200],"be":[202],"used":[203],"physicians":[205],"accurately":[207],"predict":[208],"disease.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2019-03-22T00:00:00"}
