{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2922523529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2904272","title":"Orientation-Aware Saliency Guided JND Model for Robust Image Watermarking","display_name":"Orientation-Aware Saliency Guided JND Model for Robust Image Watermarking","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2922523529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2904272","mag":"2922523529"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2904272","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2904272","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08664476.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08664476.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070777877","display_name":"Jing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8232-2219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097214","display_name":"Shandong Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/00vzprm14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097214"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Management University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Management University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113755120","display_name":"Huaxiang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6259-7533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28006308","display_name":"Shandong Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wy3h363","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28006308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huaxiang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6259-7533","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28006308"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084169778","display_name":"Jun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0064-3551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28006308","display_name":"Shandong Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wy3h363","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28006308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28006308"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083960583","display_name":"Yifan Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9040-6394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifan Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telecommunications and Information Processing, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommunications and Information Processing, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077447732","display_name":"Wenbo Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1447-0524"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28006308","display_name":"Shandong Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wy3h363","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28006308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenbo Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1447-0524","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28006308"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070777877"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097214"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.1226,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81884503,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"41261","last_page":"41272"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.8574643135070801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7968907356262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-visual-system-model","display_name":"Human visual system model","score":0.7191814184188843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7027285099029541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5830308794975281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.5741154551506042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.5210791826248169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.469188928604126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45919620990753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.45880451798439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.44940561056137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3884564936161041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.24950531125068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.09475928544998169}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.8574643135070801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7968907356262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160086991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5939193","display_name":"Human visual system model","level":3,"score":0.7191814184188843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7027285099029541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5830308794975281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.5741154551506042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5210791826248169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.469188928604126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45919620990753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.45880451798439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.44940561056137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3884564936161041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.24950531125068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.09475928544998169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2904272","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2904272","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08664476.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:06c370f6bdd9478fa3aca8e28caff116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/06c370f6bdd9478fa3aca8e28caff116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 41261-41272 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2904272","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2904272","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08664476.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1087056384","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61601268","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1859642417","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JQ201718","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2537253255","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016GGX101009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3572370379","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2016FB12","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5154929720","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017CXGC1504","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7983443448","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JQ201718","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8145032809","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1736122","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2922523529.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2922523529.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1197183945","https://openalex.org/W1983633481","https://openalex.org/W1985083774","https://openalex.org/W1987600819","https://openalex.org/W2015196405","https://openalex.org/W2017439852","https://openalex.org/W2025378727","https://openalex.org/W2029977467","https://openalex.org/W2032889931","https://openalex.org/W2081239020","https://openalex.org/W2101199037","https://openalex.org/W2103854443","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2137909165","https://openalex.org/W2139496607","https://openalex.org/W2171239818","https://openalex.org/W2283433301","https://openalex.org/W2358876993","https://openalex.org/W2529468940","https://openalex.org/W2552576197","https://openalex.org/W2598684819","https://openalex.org/W2749448714","https://openalex.org/W2781560105","https://openalex.org/W2790510874","https://openalex.org/W2790943238","https://openalex.org/W2886753155","https://openalex.org/W2900367932","https://openalex.org/W2902773991","https://openalex.org/W2913673618","https://openalex.org/W6658424737","https://openalex.org/W6749642949","https://openalex.org/W6758791686"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137394636","https://openalex.org/W2358993821","https://openalex.org/W1516446231","https://openalex.org/W2098152888","https://openalex.org/W1559740347","https://openalex.org/W2040356834","https://openalex.org/W2080353903","https://openalex.org/W2385289568","https://openalex.org/W2381486749","https://openalex.org/W1514507288"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,192],"visual":[1,31,86,158],"saliency-based":[2],"just":[3,90],"noticeable":[4,91],"distortion":[5,92],"(VS-JND)":[6],"model":[7,169,183],"has":[8,52],"been":[9],"widely":[10],"used":[11,106],"in":[12,38,57,134,186],"the":[13,26,29,35,39,50,58,62,71,85,96,109,117,122,127,135,154,162,167,174,179,187,197],"quantization-based":[14],"watermarking":[15,189,199,212],"framework,":[16],"but":[17],"it":[18],"remains":[19],"a":[20,53,64,150],"challenge":[21],"that":[22,49,196],"how":[23],"to":[24,34,83,107,148,160,173],"reflect":[25],"characteristics":[27],"of":[28,41,61,102,153],"human":[30],"system":[32],"(HVS)":[33],"greatest":[36],"extent":[37],"processing":[40],"detecting":[42],"salient":[43],"objects.":[44],"In":[45],"this":[46],"paper,":[47],"given":[48],"HVS":[51],"different":[54,59,157],"perception":[55],"sensitivity":[56],"orientation":[60,66],"image,":[63],"compound":[65],"feature":[67,113,118,125],"map,":[68,114,165],"which":[69],"contains":[70],"vertical,":[72,129],"horizontal,":[73,128],"and":[74,98,111,130,166,203],"diagonal":[75,131],"information":[76,132],"for":[77],"directional":[78,124],"patch":[79],"extraction,":[80],"is":[81,137,170,184,201],"computed":[82],"improve":[84],"saliency":[87],"map":[88,119],"within":[89],"(JND)":[93],"profile.":[94],"First,":[95],"DC":[97],"three":[99,140,156],"low-frequency":[100,141],"coefficients":[101],"each":[103],"block":[104],"are":[105],"calculate":[108],"luminance":[110],"texture":[112],"respectively.":[115],"Then,":[116],"based":[120],"on":[121],"complex":[123],"includes":[126],"contained":[133],"image":[136,211],"calculated":[138],"by":[139],"coefficients.":[142],"Finally,":[143],"we":[144],"will":[145],"be":[146],"able":[147],"make":[149],"linear":[151],"fusion":[152],"same":[155],"features":[159],"get":[161],"final":[163],"VS":[164,176],"JND":[168],"improved":[171],"according":[172],"new":[175,180],"model.":[177],"Later,":[178],"proposed":[181,198],"VS-JND":[182],"employed":[185],"quantization":[188],"(Q-watermarking)":[190],"framework.":[191],"simulation":[193],"results":[194],"show":[195],"scheme":[200],"effective":[202],"produces":[204],"superior":[205],"robustness":[206],"compared":[207],"with":[208],"existing":[209],"monochrome":[210],"schemes.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}