{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2922354596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2904042","title":"Privacy-Oriented Blockchain-Based Distributed Key Management Architecture for Hierarchical Access Control in the IoT Scenario","display_name":"Privacy-Oriented Blockchain-Based Distributed Key Management Architecture for Hierarchical Access Control in the IoT Scenario","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2922354596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2904042","mag":"2922354596"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2904042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2904042","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08664491.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08664491.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078178403","display_name":"Mingxin Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5349-7362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mingxin Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5349-7362","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101710266","display_name":"Guozhen Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4044-6210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202334528","display_name":"Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01xdzh226","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202334528"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guozhen Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Security, Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Security, Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202334528"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100325261","display_name":"Fenghua Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2994-8738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fenghua Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078178403"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":40.5424,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":181,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99765893,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"34045","last_page":"34059"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8428734540939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6773143410682678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-control","display_name":"Access control","score":0.6415813565254211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5602827072143555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-management","display_name":"Key management","score":0.5125555992126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4920177161693573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.46407559514045715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.4629216194152832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.4579308331012726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4515326917171478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4474430978298187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4392288625240326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.33444973826408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.20392575860023499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1331501603126526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09391185641288757}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8428734540939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6773143410682678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.6415813565254211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5602827072143555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17886624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320561","display_name":"Key management","level":3,"score":0.5125555992126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4920177161693573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.46407559514045715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.4629216194152832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.4579308331012726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4515326917171478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4474430978298187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4392288625240326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.33444973826408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.20392575860023499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1331501603126526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09391185641288757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2904042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2904042","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08664491.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4b76780c0c754a558e5ac07e060c6d68","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4b76780c0c754a558e5ac07e060c6d68","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 34045-34059 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2904042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2904042","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08664491.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2922354596.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2922354596.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1600255172","https://openalex.org/W1822822445","https://openalex.org/W1880212920","https://openalex.org/W1973225261","https://openalex.org/W2018289257","https://openalex.org/W2062789233","https://openalex.org/W2085407665","https://openalex.org/W2093678351","https://openalex.org/W2103863878","https://openalex.org/W2112525087","https://openalex.org/W2126087831","https://openalex.org/W2134585683","https://openalex.org/W2164478452","https://openalex.org/W2343608747","https://openalex.org/W2398882227","https://openalex.org/W2427517674","https://openalex.org/W2522448907","https://openalex.org/W2523077978","https://openalex.org/W2540162589","https://openalex.org/W2586094944","https://openalex.org/W2586730689","https://openalex.org/W2591756426","https://openalex.org/W2624953603","https://openalex.org/W2729396025","https://openalex.org/W2749029156","https://openalex.org/W2749247755","https://openalex.org/W2754529701","https://openalex.org/W2757817063","https://openalex.org/W2793346081","https://openalex.org/W2809107162","https://openalex.org/W2897450989","https://openalex.org/W3211513184","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4289799450","https://openalex.org/W4302290326","https://openalex.org/W6676474364","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W7043329024"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W4388131927","https://openalex.org/W4220849471"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,138,204],"rapid":[1],"development":[2],"of":[3,6,13,62,190],"the":[4,10,41,63,132,146,158,184,188,209,217,222,233],"Internet":[5,49],"Things":[7],"(IoT)":[8],"and":[9,128,152,172,178,194,216,235],"explosive":[11],"growth":[12],"valuable":[14],"data":[15],"produced":[16],"by":[17,112],"user":[18,104],"equipment":[19],"have":[20],"led":[21],"to":[22,82,86,103,125,134,144,182,238],"strong":[23],"demand":[24],"for":[25,45,161,241],"access":[26,30,163,180],"control,":[27,31],"especially":[28],"hierarchical":[29,162],"which":[32],"is":[33,219],"performed":[34],"from":[35],"a":[36,47,54,114],"group":[37,179],"communication":[38],"perspective.":[39],"However,":[40],"key":[42,64,118],"management":[43,119],"strategies":[44],"such":[46],"future":[48],"are":[50],"based":[51],"mostly":[52],"on":[53],"trusted":[55],"third":[56,95],"party":[57],"that":[58,75,208],"requires":[59],"full":[60],"trust":[61,93],"generation":[65],"center":[66],"(KGC)":[67],"or":[68],"central":[69],"authority":[70],"(CA).":[71],"Recent":[72],"studies":[73],"indicate":[74],"centralized":[76],"cloud":[77,133],"centers":[78,99],"will":[79],"be":[80,239],"unlikely":[81],"deliver":[83],"satisfactory":[84],"services":[85],"customers":[87],"because":[88],"we":[89],"place":[90],"too":[91],"much":[92],"in":[94,131,165],"parties;":[96],"therefore,":[97],"these":[98,110],"do":[100],"not":[101],"apply":[102],"privacy-oriented":[105],"scenarios.":[106],"This":[107],"paper":[108],"addresses":[109],"issues":[111],"proposing":[113],"novel":[115],"blockchain-based":[116],"distributed":[117],"architecture":[120,193],"(BDKMA)":[121],"with":[122,197],"fog":[123],"computing":[124],"reduce":[126],"latency":[127],"multiblockchains":[129],"operated":[130],"achieve":[135],"cross-domain":[136],"access.":[137],"proposed":[139,192],"scheme":[140],"utilizes":[141],"blockchain":[142],"technology":[143],"satisfy":[145],"decentralization,":[147],"fine-grained":[148],"auditability,":[149],"high":[150],"scalability,":[151],"extensibility":[153],"requirements,":[154],"as":[155,157,221],"well":[156],"privacy-preserving":[159],"principles":[160],"control":[164],"IoT.":[166],"We":[167,186],"designed":[168],"system":[169,214,236],"operations":[170],"methods":[171],"introduced":[173],"different":[174],"authorization":[175],"assignment":[176],"modes":[177],"patterns":[181],"reinforce":[183],"extensibility.":[185],"evaluated":[187],"performance":[189,202,234],"our":[191],"compared":[195],"it":[196],"existing":[198],"models":[199],"using":[200],"various":[201,242],"measures.":[203],"simulation":[205],"results":[206],"show":[207],"multiblockchain":[210],"structure":[211],"substantially":[212],"improves":[213],"performance,":[215],"scalability":[218],"excellent":[220],"network":[223],"size":[224],"increases.":[225],"Furthermore,":[226],"dynamic":[227],"transaction":[228],"collection":[229],"time":[230],"adjustment":[231],"enables":[232],"capacity":[237],"optimized":[240],"environments.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}