{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2918321871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2903131","title":"TW3-Based Fully Automated Bone Age Assessment System Using Deep Neural Networks","display_name":"TW3-Based Fully Automated Bone Age Assessment System Using Deep Neural Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2918321871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2903131","mag":"2918321871"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2903131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2903131","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08660640.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08660640.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108622309","display_name":"Sung Joon Son","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sung Joon Son","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003253618","display_name":"Young-Min Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5417-3180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28615091","display_name":"Kyonggi University","ror":"https://ror.org/032xf8h46","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28615091"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youngmin Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Kyonngi University, Suwon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Kyonngi University, Suwon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28615091"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024597373","display_name":"Namgi Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28615091","display_name":"Kyonggi University","ror":"https://ror.org/032xf8h46","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28615091"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Namgi Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Kyonngi University, Suwon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Kyonngi University, Suwon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28615091"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032804923","display_name":"Younghae Do","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3558-2349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31419693","display_name":"Kyungpook National University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c17130","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Younghae Do","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084897975","display_name":"Nojun Kwak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1792-0327"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nojun Kwak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059304496","display_name":"Mu Sook Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0382-5564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087913","display_name":"Seoul Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/002nav185","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801402630","https://openalex.org/I4210087913"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mu Sook Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Medical Imaging Center, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Medical Imaging Center, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087913"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043316202","display_name":"Byoung-Dai Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4028-6168"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Byoung-Dai Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["BLEE Co., Suwon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4028-6168","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BLEE Co., Suwon, South Korea","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":56.4235,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9988134,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"33346","last_page":"33358"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.974399983882904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-age","display_name":"Bone age","score":0.8064222931861877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7579135298728943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.70862877368927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6955836415290833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epiphysis","display_name":"Epiphysis","score":0.6676356196403503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.6517683863639832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6123413443565369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5301865935325623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.5291149020195007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-absolute-error","display_name":"Mean absolute error","score":0.5123251676559448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4201752841472626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4105928838253021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3844033479690552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.16091716289520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15415850281715393}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89551170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1777274","display_name":"Bone age","level":2,"score":0.8064222931861877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7579135298728943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.70862877368927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6955836415290833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780472225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801229","display_name":"Epiphysis","level":2,"score":0.6676356196403503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.6517683863639832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6123413443565369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5301865935325623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5291149020195007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188154048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803609","display_name":"Mean absolute error","level":3,"score":0.5123251676559448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4201752841472626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4105928838253021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3844033479690552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.16091716289520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15415850281715393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2903131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2903131","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08660640.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4d111a6d64544b398518587c143331c5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4d111a6d64544b398518587c143331c5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 33346-33358 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:s-space.snu.ac.kr:10371/206291","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10371/206291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401345","display_name":"Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","host_organization_name":"Seoul National University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2903131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2903131","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08660640.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1698583375","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014R1A2A2A0100694","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2602835844","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014R1A2A2A0100694","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3430264369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2017R1D1A1B04027874","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311687","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6049593543","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2017R1D1A1B04027874","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8350900331","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2016R1D1A1B03932696","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311687","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311687","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/03m01yf64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2918321871.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2918321871.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1975572110","https://openalex.org/W1978514807","https://openalex.org/W1989831107","https://openalex.org/W2016153757","https://openalex.org/W2018148790","https://openalex.org/W2020727824","https://openalex.org/W2085919046","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2111188854","https://openalex.org/W2141160092","https://openalex.org/W2151469041","https://openalex.org/W2162206900","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2229394824","https://openalex.org/W2344641332","https://openalex.org/W2344912502","https://openalex.org/W2532750509","https://openalex.org/W2546410677","https://openalex.org/W2547055581","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2592765733","https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2754800521","https://openalex.org/W2756386548","https://openalex.org/W2772481892","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6671981034"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976804539","https://openalex.org/W4247388746","https://openalex.org/W2058050510","https://openalex.org/W1913070672","https://openalex.org/W2314720829","https://openalex.org/W4285794683","https://openalex.org/W3178576217","https://openalex.org/W4221063543","https://openalex.org/W4385195237","https://openalex.org/W4286256617"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1],"technology":[2],"has":[3],"rapidly":[4],"evolved":[5],"in":[6,153],"recent":[7],"years.":[8],"Bone":[9],"age":[10,154],"assessment":[11],"(BAA)":[12],"is":[13,109,174,179],"a":[14,52,183],"typical":[15],"object":[16],"detection":[17],"and":[18,31,41,79,92,113,125,141,148,159,163],"classification":[19],"problem":[20],"that":[21,121],"would":[22],"benefit":[23],"from":[24,68],"deep":[25],"learning.":[26],"Convolutional":[27],"neural":[28],"networks":[29],"(CNNs)":[30],"their":[32],"variants":[33],"are":[34,95,139,156],"hence":[35],"increasingly":[36],"used":[37],"for":[38,129,134,191],"automating":[39],"BAA,":[40],"they":[42],"have":[43],"shown":[44,180],"promising":[45],"results.":[46,99],"In":[47,100],"this":[48],"paper,":[49],"we":[50],"propose":[51],"complete":[53],"end-to-end":[54],"BAA":[55],"system":[56,178],"to":[57,89,97,111,181],"automate":[58],"the":[59,63,71,84,90,115,122,169,189],"entire":[60],"process":[61],"of":[62,70,83,105,137,168,172],"Tanner-Whitehouse":[64],"3":[65],"method,":[66],"starting":[67],"localization":[69],"epiphysis-metaphysis":[72],"growth":[73],"regions":[74,136],"within":[75,165],"13":[76,135],"different":[77],"bones":[78],"ending":[80],"with":[81],"estimation":[82],"corresponding":[85],"BA.":[86],"Specific":[87],"modifications":[88],"CNNs":[91],"other":[93],"stages":[94],"proposed":[96,177],"improve":[98],"addition,":[101],"an":[102],"annotated":[103],"database":[104],"3300":[106],"X-ray":[107],"images":[108],"built":[110],"train":[112],"evaluate":[114],"system.":[116],"The":[117,144,176],"experimental":[118],"results":[119],"show":[120],"average":[123],"top-1":[124],"top-2":[126],"prediction":[127,155],"accuracies":[128],"skeletal":[130],"bone":[131],"maturity":[132],"levels":[133],"interest":[138],"79.6%":[140],"97.2%,":[142],"respectively.":[143],"mean":[145,150],"absolute":[146],"error":[147,152],"root":[149],"squared":[151],"0.46":[157],"years":[158],"0.62":[160],"years,":[161],"respectively,":[162],"accuracy":[164],"one":[166],"year":[167],"ground":[170],"truth":[171],"97.6%":[173],"achieved.":[175],"outperform":[182],"commercially":[184],"available":[185],"Greulich-Pyle-based":[186],"system,":[187],"demonstrating":[188],"potential":[190],"practical":[192],"clinical":[193],"use.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}