{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2912582546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2899752","title":"Hybrid and Multi-Hop Advanced Zonal-Stable Election Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks","display_name":"Hybrid and Multi-Hop Advanced Zonal-Stable Election Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2912582546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2899752","mag":"2912582546"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2899752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2899752","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08642874.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08642874.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004973674","display_name":"Fakhri Alam Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2039-277X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127363","display_name":"Institute of Management Sciences Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/02m8e1r74","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fakhri Alam Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Excellence in Information Technology, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Excellence in Information Technology, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005059381","display_name":"Majid Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127363","display_name":"Institute of Management Sciences Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/02m8e1r74","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Majid Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Excellence in Information Technology, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Excellence in Information Technology, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083460237","display_name":"Muhammad Asif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1839-2527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I505182","display_name":"National Textile University","ror":"https://ror.org/030dak672","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I505182"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National Textile University, Faisalabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1839-2527","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National Textile University, Faisalabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I505182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066742133","display_name":"Afsheen Khalid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8766-9935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127363","display_name":"Institute of Management Sciences Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/02m8e1r74","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Afsheen Khalid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Excellence in Information Technology, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Excellence in Information Technology, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101629721","display_name":"Inam Ul Haq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8186-0632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127363","display_name":"Institute of Management Sciences Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/02m8e1r74","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Inam Ul Haq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Excellence in Information Technology, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Excellence in Information Technology, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004973674"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":7.2475,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9734628,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"25334","last_page":"25346"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.7612508535385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.741614818572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.7366713285446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.7004107236862183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.6777908802032471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zone-routing-protocol","display_name":"Zone Routing Protocol","score":0.641024112701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5237250924110413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5024077892303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-vector-protocol","display_name":"Path vector protocol","score":0.47951987385749817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4336746037006378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-routing-protocol","display_name":"Wireless Routing Protocol","score":0.4317624568939209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-interior-gateway-routing-protocol","display_name":"Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol","score":0.42941486835479736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.37432777881622314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.28845852613449097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15569132566452026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.062210410833358765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.7612508535385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.741614818572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.7366713285446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.7004107236862183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.6777908802032471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189884158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8073926","display_name":"Zone Routing Protocol","level":5,"score":0.641024112701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5237250924110413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5024077892303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128917274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666535","display_name":"Path vector protocol","level":5,"score":0.47951987385749817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4336746037006378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47318570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8026863","display_name":"Wireless Routing Protocol","level":4,"score":0.4317624568939209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87044965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091139","display_name":"Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol","level":5,"score":0.42941486835479736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.37432777881622314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.28845852613449097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15569132566452026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.062210410833358765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2899752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2899752","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08642874.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ae7614ddc3ac4355ad1793b3905336a7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ae7614ddc3ac4355ad1793b3905336a7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 25334-25346 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2899752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2899752","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08642874.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2912582546.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2912582546.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1479940198","https://openalex.org/W1493144892","https://openalex.org/W2009483289","https://openalex.org/W2073744038","https://openalex.org/W2088627138","https://openalex.org/W2089724422","https://openalex.org/W2104697229","https://openalex.org/W2106335692","https://openalex.org/W2122290325","https://openalex.org/W2131921604","https://openalex.org/W2155492251","https://openalex.org/W2170239483","https://openalex.org/W2319619634","https://openalex.org/W2413730741","https://openalex.org/W2529293243","https://openalex.org/W2547097861","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6629575236","https://openalex.org/W6700121561","https://openalex.org/W6715631016","https://openalex.org/W6728461472"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2126842185","https://openalex.org/W2768149373","https://openalex.org/W1686168690","https://openalex.org/W2169643659","https://openalex.org/W2354751381","https://openalex.org/W2366588193","https://openalex.org/W2384003235","https://openalex.org/W2140529572","https://openalex.org/W2375858814","https://openalex.org/W2387229034"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wireless":[0],"sensor":[1,7,21,52,76],"network":[2],"comprises":[3],"of":[4,6,50,75,102,116,129,141,148,185,250],"thousands":[5],"nodes":[8,22,77,86,117,160],"that":[9,238],"are":[10,28,38,105,108,226],"deployed":[11],"in":[12,40,72,166],"an":[13],"area":[14],"to":[15,42,94,97,195,263],"monitor":[16],"the":[17,48,51,79,103,114,133,146,154,162,171,182,186,199,204,210,243,248,264],"physical":[18],"environment.":[19],"These":[20],"have":[23],"limited":[24],"energy":[25,44,150,194,259],"as":[26,65,181,261],"they":[27],"battery":[29],"powered.":[30],"To":[31],"reduce":[32],"this":[33,55],"problem,":[34],"several":[35],"routing":[36,62,212],"protocols":[37],"designed":[39],"order":[41],"minimize":[43],"consumption":[45,260],"and":[46,107,127,136,151,191,206,216,222,256],"increase":[47],"lifetime":[49],"network.":[53],"In":[54],"paper,":[56],"we":[57],"introduced":[58,137],"a":[59,138,167],"new":[60,139],"heterogeneous":[61],"protocol":[63,70,122,213,221,225,241],"known":[64],"advanced":[66],"zonal":[67],"stable":[68],"election":[69],"(AZ-SEP)":[71],"which":[73],"communication":[74,128,158],"with":[78,132,161,198,209],"base":[80,98,134,155,163,187],"station":[81,135,164],"is":[82,173],"hybrid,":[83],"i.e.,":[84],"some":[85],"communicate":[87],"directly,":[88],"while":[89],"others":[90],"use":[91],"clustering":[92],"mechanism":[93,140],"transmit":[95],"data":[96],"station.":[99,156],"The":[100,157,219,234],"dimensions":[101],"field":[104],"unknown":[106],"divided":[109],"into":[110],"three":[111],"zones":[112],"on":[113,145],"basis":[115,147],"energy.":[118],"We":[119,202],"examined":[120],"Z-SEP":[121,215],"regarding":[123],"cluster":[124,130,142],"head":[125,131,143],"selection":[126,144],"residual":[149],"distance":[152],"from":[153],"between":[159],"occurs":[165],"multi-hop":[168],"fashion.":[169],"Furthermore,":[170],"AZ-SEP":[172,205],"evaluated":[174],"by":[175,246],"taking":[176],"different":[177],"evaluation":[178],"scenarios":[179],"such":[180],"changing":[183],"position":[184],"station,":[188],"skewed":[189],"nodes,":[190,252],"variable":[192],"node":[193],"compare":[196,207],"it":[197,208],"parent":[200,224],"protocol.":[201,218],"implemented":[203],"traditional":[211],"like":[214],"SEP":[217],"proposed":[220,240],"its":[223],"compared":[227],"through":[228],"simulation":[229,235],"using":[230],"simulator":[231],"MATLAB":[232],"2014a.":[233],"results":[236],"show":[237],"our":[239],"increases":[242],"stability":[244],"period":[245],"increasing":[247],"number":[249],"alive":[251],"packet":[253],"delivery":[254],"ratio,":[255],"optimizes":[257],"average":[258],"related":[262],"existing":[265],"protocols.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}